Linux Community Magazine

Computer users and programmers have become so accustomed to using Windows, even for the changing capabilities and the appearances of the graphical interface of the versions, therefore it has remained Microsoft's product. Although, Lycoris, Red Hat, Mandrake, Suse, Knoppix, Slackware and Lindows make up some of the different versions of LINUX. These companies release their own versions of the operating systems with minor changes, and yet always with the same bottom line. The simple fact that not one of these companies are close to competing with Windows, for the most part causes the difference in market share.

It sometimes seems everyone on the planet is using Windows. Many say Windows is way better than LINUX because of the simple handling of the software or hardware. There are huge differences between the number of users of LINUX and Windows. Many say LINUX is far better because it started as an Open Source software and thus is more flexible than Windows. Then what accounts for the enormous difference in market share between these two operating systems?

Windows and Linux are different in many ways.

1. Windows GUI is an integral component of the OS; speed, efficiency and reliability, while the Linux GUI is optional, are increased by running a server instance of Linux without a GUI, something that server versions of Windows simply can't do. The nature of the Linux GUI makes remote administration of a Linux computer easier with a more natural feel than Windows computers.

2. The command prompts of the operating systems are very different. The command interpreters in the Windows 9x series are very similar to each other and the NT class versions of Windows also have similar command interpreters. There are, however differences between a Windows 9x command interpreter and one in an NT class flavor of Windows. Linux, like UNIX, also supports multiple command interpreters, but it usually uses BASH or "Bourne Again Shell".

3. While you have to pay hundred's of dollars for a new Windows version, you can just go download Linux. There's no manuals or simple installers for the free version. Although there is quite a learning curve when utilizing the free package. There are some easy automated packages of Linux for low prices.

Microsoft's "big con" is the supposed security issues with windows. Most spyware, adware and malicious files programs work with Windows just fine. In general you do not deal with these kinds of circumstances unless you are working with Windows. whereas Linux offers a strong protection, password protection for Windows can be bypassed with ease.

The software availability is the key to why Windows wins over Linux in this competition. Most software releases are already configured for Windows. If you chose to use Linux you must copy Windows with special software in order to use your windows based programs. You could always install Windows as a subsystem to Linux, this would take the administrative capabilities of Windows and allow them to funtion on Linux.

If Linux is ever to compete with Windows, it must become more user friendly and provide serious technical support.

FTP or file transfer protocol is a client/server protocol allowing people to move files to and from a network server. It works with TCP and is widely used on internet. FTP was developed by the University of California, Berkeley for inclusion in 4.2BSD. Any computer running FTP software or ftp demon or ftpd can be accessed and file transfers made. There can be private or public ftp servers. Many public ftp sites which allow access anonymously can be found in internet mostly free Unix or Linux repositories. Private ftp sites require a user name or password. With the help of a ftp client we can access the ftp server. Some of them work in text mode and some are graphical. The standard ftp program is the original ftp client and it comes with most of the linux distributions.

Running the ftp program

$ ftp test.expertslogin.edu

Alternatively we can get the ftp prompt and from there login to the desired ftp site with OPEN command as follows:

$ ftp

ftp> open test.expertslogin.edu

This will ask you for login where pressing ENTER will log you in as local computer user, else you can login as anonymous or ftp user for accessing the public archive. With a valid username we can login into private area as well. While logging as anonymous or ftp user it will ask for an email address as password. On successful login system type and transfer mode are displayed ,

eg:-

Remote system type is UNIX.

Using binary mode to transfer files.

ftp>

There are Binary as well as ASCII file transfer types former transfers file bit by bit and the latter as text. We can switch between types by keying in ascii or binary. Linux commands like ls or cd work from inside ftp. Now to download a file we can use get command

ftp> get linux2.4.13.tar.gz

To save it as a different file we can run :

ftp> get linux2.4.13.tar.gz foo.tar.gz

To download more than one file at a time we can use mget(multiple get) command with a list of filenames delimited with space or wildcards representing the cateogry of the files which are to be downloaded.

ftp> mget linux*

To upload files first change to the /incoming directory and we have the put command which works similar to get command , also we have the mput to upload multiple files simultaneously.

ftp> put foo.tar.gz

To change the local directory we have the command lcd

ftp> lcd /home/foo/

We can use the bang(!) prefix to run local system commands, but !cd command doesn't work and that is why we have lcd command

ftp> !ls

We have the hash and tick command to check the status of file transfers. Besides there are other commands like mkdir, delete, rmdir, chmod which has got the usual meanings but can be run only if we have the right permissions. FTP Servers FTP server is executed from inetd (the internet superserver daemon). Standard ftp port is 21. FTP server uses a standard system call to check the user name and password against the entries in the system password file, or the NIS tables if you are using NIS. Anonymous FTP gives access to a chrooted directory tree only.

And we now entire human being range compare Linux in the direction of Windows.This file lists in addition to briefly describes some extra positive aspects of Linux.Don't stick surprised if Linux buffs base conscious below extra advantages statement considered here.When 1 seriously show into Linux an individual become a willy of an exclusive community.Whenever a single carry out a Linux a tough time a particular will go walking on the way to an on the web forum.It always isn't incredibly time consuming up to the point any person has the answer.

You undertake full access to the overall Linux working system.You will examine how items really work.If one adore working within some to some degree sophisticated, mathematical troubles Linux island about you.Don't forget, what may well are likely in direction of stay in geeky additionally oh-so theoretical will certainly carry out really feasible applications.Plenty of occupation continue to be in a position on the way to Linux specialists, particularly if they stay on proficient under left over LAMP materials (the apparently server Apache, the collection of synonyms rules system MySQL, as well as the ostensibly programming words PHP) discussed under before articles.

Don't con yourself, a particular can't show a succeed basically by literary mastery these positive aspects also planning almost everything the tutorials.But as the Chinese claims goes; an escape of a thousand miles starts less than a destroy step.Believe me, secondary stroll remote island a huge one.Linux tropical island international.Among the accounting organizations that bear switched in opposition to Linux continue to be the German Agency regarding Labor, the French Ministry connected with Education, the American Library of Congress, the Portuguese Ministry of Justice, the Swedish Armed Forces, the Municipal Government of Berlin in addition Munich, Germany, the Japanese Ministry of Internal Affairs as well as Communications, the New Zealand Ministry of Health, the United States Postal Service, the Federal Government of Brazil, Mexico City, the American National Security Agency which is developing it really is include solidity enhancements in the direction of Linux, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the National Aeronautics as well as Space Agency, the Federal Ministry of Education beneath Nigeria, the United States Navy, also the Northern Territory of Australia.

The list goes on.Last, yet still remark the bare minimum an individual should follow enjoy yourself according to Linux.I'm statement extremely connection somewhere around the games that come with Damn Small Linux or those that 1 might download.Linux always has a diverse tactic of doing information than does Microsoft Windows.You may possibly like the Linux tactic of doing equipment in addition a particular might not.

If 1 don't wish the Linux way, amble vertebrae in opposition to Windows.You won't stay alone.But if one be all you need intend it, hold conscious the clever work.Just remember, the sky destination the patience homogeneous if just one rotate according to a 50 Megabyte edition such as Damn Small Linux.

Linux flash drive is a live USB that can be used to boot a host controller or personal computer with Linux. It is one of the preferable methods for booting your computer because of its faster execution. Linux is an operating system which is used mainly by big companies as it is more secured and has proved to be a very practical weapon in favor of multitasking. Before making USB drive bootable one should check the system compatibility for the booting via USB. In order to prove its compatibility, one can install memtest86+ onto the USB and set the bios priority to USB as well. If memtest86+ screen appears on rebooting the system then it is compatible with bootable USB otherwise not. Most of the systems pass this test.

There are many constructive methods to make a USB drive bootable. It can easily be done through command prompt but it is little complicated for the people who do not know computer that well. To help those people out, many software applications are available in the market.

Hierarchical procedures to do the job by one of the best software named- UNetbootin is given below:

1) Download UNetbootin from Internet. Plug in the USB drive into the corresponding port of your system. Please make sure that the UNetbootin window is closed at that time.

2) After that open UNetbootin from the icon on desktop.

3) Tick execute by navigating through properties>preferences to make it executable.

4) Browse the ISO image of Linux available and click ok.

5) If you are not having ISO image of Linux available then there is no need to worry. UNetbootin can do the job for you. It means you can download Linux image from internet by the use of UNetbootin. After that one can proceed by browsing the image followed by hitting the cursor on ok. 6) Process will begin just after that and do everything else automatically till the USB Linux flash drive is created.

The method explained above is one of the best methods because it is very user friendly and there is no need to for the user to have a big intellect of computer. Anyone can follow the above steps in hierarchy to make the USB flash drive bootable for Linux operating system efficiently. Now your bootable USB drive is ready for use. Proceed with the following simple steps in hierarchy to install Linux through USB:

1. Plug in your Linux Flash Drive in the corresponding port and restart the computer.

2. Before the start of currently installed operating system, start hitting F8.

3. A DOS window will appear on which there will be a tab named boot. Make a click on that and change the priority order and set it to USB on first priority.

4. Click on save and exit.

5. Processor will automatically detect operating system in USB drive and operating system set up screen will appear.

6. Enter the serial number of the operating system.

7. After installation is completed, computer will be restarted.

8. Install the drivers and computer will be ready for use.

There may be many a purpose for which one need to boot from a cd, dvd, or a bd. Most often, for running advanced tools such as password recovery tools and memory tasting programs, the Boot cd is used frequently. One must need booting from a disc planning to reinstall windows or even run repair tools such as recovery console or startup repairs. While one boots from a disc, what actually takes place is running a small operating system that is already installed in the hard drive such as Linux, or windows.

Following some specific steps, booting from a cd is possible. It is an easy process and does not take much time. Generally, booting from the dvd, cd, or bd takes around 10 minutes of time. For doing the same operation, the first thing that one would require is a bootable cd, or dvd. Next, he/she has to change the order of the boot in BIOS so that the dvd, cd, or bd drive is listed first. Some of the computers are configured following this procedure, but others are not. If the optical drive does not come in the beginning in the boot order, the system will start normally, without checking what is inside the disk drive.

While running the above operation, one should be conscious so that after installing the optical drive in form of the primary boot device in the BIOS, the computer system will check for the particular boot cd or drive, each time whenever the computers starts. Configuring the personal computer following the way generally do not cause any specific problem unless one requires to leave a cd or a disc in the drive all the time.

Next after the above step, one needs to insert the Bootable cd, bd, or dvd into the disk drive. Well, before doing this function, one must know beforehand whether the disk is bootable. The simplest way to detect this is by inserting the same into the drive and following the remainder of the instructions flashing on the screen. Most of the operating systems install cds and dvds that bootable.

After inserting the above drive, one has to restart the computer. An instruction, press any key would flash on the screen requiring to boot from cd or dvd. While booting to a windows setup cd or disc, along with other bootable cd, one might be prompted to boot from the disk or the cd, one need to press any key on the keyboard within a few seconds the message arrives on the screen. It is necessary, or unless the system would look for boot information upon the subsequent boot device in the list of the BIOS that probably rests on the hard drive. The computer now starts booting from the boot usb or cd, dvd, or the bd disc. While doing the booting, one must check for the boot order in the BIOS. In addition, one must clean the disk properly before running the program. Following the above process, the booting can be done easily.