Linux Community Magazine

There is currently alot of interest and curiosity with the Linux / Unix operating systems becoming more widely used, well-known, and available. They have been around since the mid 90's, and used mostly as a server platform until recently - mostly due to the increased user-friendliness of recent releases - along with the integration of, and compatibility with, the Mozilla Firefox browser, Google's Chrome browser, the Openoffice.org program suite (ODF - Open Document Format compatible with the Microsoft Office Products), the GIMP graphics editor and many others - all of which are free and open source as well.

Linux is the fastest growing OS worldwide - as it is not only freely available in many different versions - (or distros), but compatible with much of the software and programs we are already using and familiar with. In addition, Linux systems are immune to the malware and security threats that most other operating systems continue to remain vulnerable to. You don't have to invest in or concern yourself with antivirus programs or security suites at all. For your outgoing web applications, it features an MAC (Mandatory Access Control) activated by default for built-in protection. To me - this stuff sells itself - even though it's not for sale.....This article will benefit those who are new to Linux and are interested in understanding what the current trend is all about. Linux is based on the free open source software (FOSS), which means that the source code is free to view, free to use, modify, apply and share in any way you see fit. It is released and protected under the GN U General Public License. The GNU License prohibits any 'for profit' development or releases of independent versions or variations thereof. This means that it is free to use, free to modify, and free to share without the usual restrictions that come with proprietary and 'for profit' software - not to mention free of malware or the need for antivirus or security software. GNU and supporters of open source create superior alternatives to the restrictions and confines of the more popular and expensive proprietary software and OS, as well as their developers and corporations. It has gained significant momentum as resourceful and innovative developers are consistantly improving upon an already very flexible and reliable product profile.

There is growing intrigue toward Linux as it is (aside from being free of charge and free of malware) becoming more popular among average PC users who are finding it easy to install and use. A more favorable and flexible user interface, combined with optimal speed and overall system performance, is now widely distributed by many Linux developers, and in many different forms. It has a reputation for being extremely dependable as there is no mysterious behavior such as the unexpected interruptions, freezes, shutdowns, restarts, death screens.....you know the ones....

Many Windows users are finding the transition surprisingly easy, and the results gratifying. I personally haven't heard of anyone making the switch to Linux, and then going back due to dissatisfaction with the installation, functionality, or interface. Actually, quite the opposite. I've seen several YouTube videos sharing their favorable experiences in switching to a Linux distro. Check 'em out. Though they all seem to agree that there is a learning curve, depending on your level of experience with the Unix / Linux basic protocol and functionality. It is different - as different programs designed to do the same thing vary in their interface or performance. Any learning required will be well worth it and there are numerous resources and tutorials available as you go. There are even Linux groups and forums online and off - that readily offer support and share knowledge and experience as needed. A Linux 12 step?

One of the first things people get confused over is the various names and terms associated with the various distributions available. These mostly distinguish the various features or preferences. There is an extensive selection depending on what appeals to you - such as interface, bundled software, level of experience, functionality, the look and feel, and others. Other terms refer to the interface, file systems, email client, browsers, etc....

If you are wondering what exactly you're getting yourself into and would like to try it out first, there are several Linux versions available as downloadable live CD or DVDs - bootable from your CD-ROM. Currently, Knoppix is available as a live CD download and includes most features and programs you would most likely use. It boots from the CD or DVD and you don't have to install anything - probably a good way to start without committing to virtual machines, partitioning or formatting your hard drive.

There are hundreds of versions or distributions of the Linux OS. Some are well known and widely used which you may be familiar with. Ubuntu is probably the most widely used and well known. Linux Mint is also widely used and both are said to be very easy to install and configure. Kubuntu is right behind it and is similar to Ubuntu and features the KDE interface. Gnome is another popular user interface and considered very stable. Konqueror is the default KHTML web browser / file mgr. Evolution and Kmail are available email client programs.

In conclusion, any decision to use Linux will be a rewarding and educational experience. It is reliable, economical, capable, flexible and fast. There is literally an endless supply of this stuff and it really depends on personal preference and a bit of research. Experience will likely be your best teacher as to its functionality and your personal preference in the end.

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Linux operating system is an outstanding example of free and open source software. Linux kernel is the main component of the Linux operating system which is quite similar to Unix. Like most of the operating system kernels, it acts a bridge between the hardware and applications. It's main job is to manage the system resources. Application software could access the hardware through the system call and inter process communication provided by the Linux kernel.

Brief History

Linus Torvalds, a computer engineer from Finland, took up the job of developing Linux kernel in April,1991. He employed a terminal driver and a task switcher in Intel x86 assembly language. Version 0.01 of Linux with 10,239 lines of code was released on in September,1991. In the next month, version 0.02 was launched,which was followed by the release of version 0.11 in December,1991. Linux version 0.95 was introduced in the market in March,1992. In this version X Window System was incorporated for the first time. After that several versions were released in the market. Linux 3.0 is the latest version which was launched on 21st July,2011.

Linux Kernel Features

Preemptive multitasking in kernel mode and user mode is supported by Linux Kernel. Apart from that it supports multi-threading,virtual memory,internet protocol suite,standard libraries,dynamic memory management,etc.

Architecture Of Linux Kernel

Linux kernel is of monolithic type. It provides virtual machine interfaces to the user applications. The application writing process does not require any knowledge of hardware. Additionally, multitasking is also supported by Linux kernel, which is able to run multiple tasks concurrently. The Linux kernel consists of 5 sub systems,namely Process scheduler,Memory Manager,Virtual File System,Network Interface and Inter process communication.

Process Scheduler

Process access to the CPU is controlled by Process Scheduler. The mechanism adopted by it ensures that all scheduled processes get fair share of processor time. While executing the processes, the kernel also performs the hardware tasks. Setting up and configuration of Process scheduler are critical processes which should be done in consultation with a network support provider.

Memory Manager

Multiple processes are allowed to share the system's memory securely by Memory Manager. Virtual memory is also supported by it, so that the processes could use more memory than what is available in the system. Unused memory is used for file system storage. Memory configuration is a critical task, which should be performed with the help of a PC support provider.

Virtual File System

It provides a common file interface to all hardware devices. Apart from that, the Virtual File System supports numerous file system formats, which are used by other operating systems.

Network Interface

Secure access to various networking hardware devices is provided by the Network Interface. The networking hardware devices should be installed by a Network Support provider.

Inter Process Communication

This sub system is responsible for providing mechanisms for process to process communications on an individual Linux system.

Computer Support For Linux Kernel

Setting up a Linux system including the kernel requires expertise, which could be provided by an experienced network support provider. Process scheduling, memory and network interface management are also critical tasks,which should be done under the guidance of a Computer Support provider. Since Linux kernel is an open source software, the user could modify it according to the requirement, but that should be performed with the help of a network support provider.

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Linux is one of the most common platforms that any web hosting companies can choose to perform their businesses, the other one being windows. Software engineers over the world swear by Linux system being better than windows. It is also cheaper than its counterpart. Therefore, linux has been a popular choice among web users over the ages. Redhat is the software company that specialises in production of linux servers.Linux was the first distribution to use RPM package manager as its packaging format and over time has also served various other distributions.Red Hat Company has been doing a lot in Linux and is the first ones to introduce new features in the server. They were the first ones to introduce graphical installer 'anaconda' in linux so that it could be used by the new users as well as other distributions. They were the first ones to introduce Lokkit also that helps to configure firewall capabilities in linux.Since then they have been developing various versions with i mproved features of Linux. They added features like glibc 2.1,egcs - 1.2, and Kudzu in their version 6. Versoin 7 updated glibc to version 2.1.92, and used a patched version of GCC and CVS. Version 8 enabled UTF-8 character that brought internationalisation in Linux. Version 9 supported native POSIX thread library which is a distinctive character of 2.4 series kernel.Linux still lacked many features like MP3 support due to copyright and patent problems. It was now time to develop a better version of Linux. Therefore, RedHat joined hands with Fedora to come out with a better version and they named it Red Hat Enterprise linux. The new version overcame all the limitations of RedHat Linux and is free to download. After the development of Enterprise linux the use and production of Linux has completely stopped in the market. Red Hat Linux or its enterprise version is one of the best linux systems available in the market today.

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If you have started to use Linux, you will notice that there are thousands of options for everything. This means that there are many different distributions that you can use with a variety of applications, interfaces, and functions. You might like the distribution that you are using, but might want to make the switch to another version that you could like better. How can you make this switch?

Before erasing what you have and starting over, you need to start out rationally and test things. If your new distribution has a different interface like switching from KDE to Gnome, consider installing the new interface on the distribution that you are currently using. This will let you get used to it to see if you like it.

Another strategy is to use a virtual machine or a live CD. This will let you get used to the new distribution. Try using it for a week or two to find out if you really like it or not.

If you are going to make the switch, you will need to back up a few things. The most important files that you need to have is your home folder. Many make a mistake of just backing up the folders that are showing. What you really need are the hidden folders since these have all your settings. If you are using similar applications between distributions, your settings will still be there so the program functions just like you had it.

You will also need to at least backup the programs that you are using. Your new distribution will replace many of these, but if there are any specific programs and applications that you need, get these backed up.

Once you install your new system, drag and drop your home folder with it's hidden folders as well and your system should work just like you need it to.

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Unix Directory

This article describes how to utilize the microsoft active directory in a linux environment active directory is a microsoft windows server technology that provides a variety. Linux ldap tutorial: deploying openldap - ldap directory installation hi friends, in our production system under unix, the usr/sap/ has become full, under which we have below directories, :adm 72> usr/sap/. Unix directory unix directory structure at login, you are in your home directory this is your current working directory all files and directories below your home. Directory (file systems) - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia despite that, i was surprised to see that the word "linux" appears on 24 of pages in the sparc product directory that's more than i thought but probably 4x less often than in. Linux online - directory organization in the real base directory acronym definition usr: u s robotics: usr: upper saddle river (new jersey) usr: urban search and rescue: usr: unix system resources: usr: uni t status report: usr: universities.

Active directory in linux linux mail server setup and howto guide the linux directory structure how is the linux file system organized where are all the files in linux what do all the weird directories contain a tour through the linux file. Unix directory structure - encyclopedia article - citizendium 4 linux directory hierarchy: oriented to the software parts by now, all discussion are os independent on linux, the four software parts theory is expressed in his directory. Directories - linux introduction we are creating the world's most trusted encyclopedia and knowledge base once you join us and log in, you'll be able to edit this page instantly. Linux directory hierarchy: oriented to the software parts important to solving many problems in linux is understanding where files are located in the directory structure there is, however, no absolute or perfect directory.

Unix directory structure search results. Unix directory structure - what does usr stand for acronyms and ldap configuration on ubuntu linux, redhat linux or fedora core tutorial includes ldif examples and configuration file examples to set-up an ldap server quickly yolinux.com. Unix directory tree linus link directory: suse linux, red hat linux, ubuntu linux and more convert pcs to linux thin clients with 2x thinclientserver links to the best linux sites all over the. Linux's directory structure unix directory- unix help visit dev shed to discuss unix directory discuss unix directory in the unix help forum on dev shed unix directory unix help forum discussing the. Linux directory trees linux journal list of linux howto documents and other sources of help 9 directory organization in the real base directory why should there be any special organization in the real base.

Linux in the yahoo directory in modern times in unix-like systems, especially linux, directory structure is defined by the filesystem hierarchy standard in many operating systems, programs have an associated. Linux publications list on storagesearch.com find sites with linux news, downloads, documentation, guides, analysis, forums, articles, and more for the open source operating system. Filesystem hierarchy standard - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia unix directory tree like any computer, unix arranges files/directories in an inverted tree topology the root directory, shown at the top, is written. Live search: unix directory unix realm - portal of unix related information mainly for system administrators unix days are over -. Google directory - computers > software > operating systems > unix linuxwaves.com - your linux portal site with free linux email, chat, books, for beginners and experts.

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Usually Windows Web Hosting described as the most famous earlier framework and the most primary level web hosting service because everyone is well familiar with its environment. It all started with a small static Website in HTML with a few photos and a simple scripting language. The site gives users to gain access, even it allows a good interaction with the site and some online stores of goods and services. It was previous or you can say earliest idea of the Windows hosting.

With the coming of multimedia applications, and concrete way for the public on the Internet in the world. Web hosting companies listed in the evolutionary process, to make room for freedom and web hosting business increased unimaginably. Even it is as simple as it never before and in present situation it is the best online business. Aside from technological progress, today many hosting companies are also include the environmental-friendly existence and many of them offering different types of the hosting packages which are easily available on their site.

Windows Hosting has been greatest demand in market, but all the costs to the hosting is bit more than other forms of hosting. However, the Windows operating system has an important role in the practicability and quality of web hosting services. Those companies who have the windows operating system, usually prefers Windows web-hosting plan.

Even so, in the web hosting world the second most important hosting feature is Linux web hosting. It is as much strong and reliable as Windows network and also it is an open source operating system so user get the high quality hosting with low cost. It is difficult to compare the difference between the Windows operating system, and other operating system, but you can feel more user friendly environment with Windows hosting.

The Linux-based web servers are great for PHP and MySQL features. To carry out all coded PHP web site you can find it is compatible with Windows systems as well but it is certainly requires the Linux support for the sophisticated operation of this act. The tags and codes used in it are quiet similar to HTML, but user can includes applications and scripting on the server side as well. In addition, these dynamic pages that store data, and changes to restore the data in this table might be useful.

It depends on your skill and comfort with the operating system. Many web designer and programmers have different requirements depending on their areas of expertise. If they are familiar with Linux-based web hosting, because of their experience and expertise in Linux-based operating system they will surly choose Linux hosting. In addition, the expert in ASP, ASP.NET will choose Windows Web Hosting because it is compatible with IIS. With Windows Web Hosting you can experience greater freedom relative to your Website. It offers many ways to develop your web pages to upload on your site. These web pages you can send through FTP, as well as the costs are very low cost.

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The web hosting industry has many different web hosting programs which begins from shared hosting and ends with dedicated hosting as well as all the mixtures in between. All these web hosting programs has there own advantages and disadvantages. You can address it as conventional, regular, normal or shared hosting. This shared hosting is most popular and common web hosting service on the web hosting market that is usually preferred by the beginners.

Shared hosting define its definition with its name. Share hosting is a web hosting program where user share disk space capacity, bandwidth and various network resources with other paying user. Some good thing about shared hosting is that it's cost is low and easy to maintain for any young user. Share hosting is feasible option for more individuals and small companies because of its economic value, easy maintenance and harass free aspect.

A large amount of website business owners are unconscious of the different business like hosting services which should choose to interact with their customers. Thus, choosing correct hosting services will allow you to give a high respondent business website to your customers.

These days, anyone can run a website that contains images, informative videos, which can help you to reach and interact with your valuable customers. So choosing a proper hosting services as per requirement will let to provide a high respondent business website to your customers and viewers.

Reseller hosting is a type of web hosting in which users are able to use there allotted hard drive space and bandwidth. In the latter case the resellers are able to sell a particular amount of disk space and bandwidth to their own customers without renting a server from a web hosting company. In the web hosting, reseller business is the most essential decision to make money online. You can select the control panel as per your knowledge and requirement. Good web hosting software or proper selection of control panel software that save time and money. There are some question about reseller hosting, those are, what kind of reseller control panel are profitable? what kind of hosting software programs are integrated with the reseller control panel or work with it?

One thing in web hosting is that, it permit the user to create various email ids with the website domain name. The business policies and programs which attract the attention of the customer are advertisements on the website. This enable the site owner to interact with its customers and heighten the customer trustworthiness.

There are two platforms widely used in web hosting, those are Windows hosting and Linux hosting. Most of the PC owner all over the world are comfortable with Windows operating system. Window operating system software's are easily available but they don't come for free. This is the only thing that makes windows hosting expensive.

Window is a largest software company all over the world, so it make world class software. Today windows products are better and cheaper than other companies. Linux hosting is well known for its operational nature. This is an open source software product. Linux is faster than other operating system so user can save up to 50% time. Linux hosting is much secure than other dedicated hosting. So choose the web hosting program with open eyes and carefully and obviously choose the one that suits your requirement.

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The web hosting industry has many different web hosting programs which begins from shared hosting and ends with dedicated hosting as well as all the mixtures in between. All these web hosting programs has there own advantages and disadvantages. You can address it as conventional, regular, normal or shared hosting. This shared hosting is most popular and common web hosting service on the web hosting market that is usually preferred by the beginners.

Shared hosting define its definition with its name. Share hosting is a web hosting program where user share disk space capacity, bandwidth and various network resources with other paying user. Some good thing about shared hosting is that it's cost is low and easy to maintain for any young user. Share hosting is feasible option for more individuals and small companies because of its economic value, easy maintenance and harass free aspect.

A large amount of website business owners are unconscious of the different business like hosting services which should choose to interact with their customers. Thus, choosing correct hosting services will allow you to give a high respondent business website to your customers.

These days, anyone can run a website that contains images, informative videos, which can help you to reach and interact with your valuable customers. So choosing a proper hosting services as per requirement will let to provide a high respondent business website to your customers and viewers.

Reseller hosting is a type of web hosting in which users are able to use there allotted hard drive space and bandwidth. In the latter case the resellers are able to sell a particular amount of disk space and bandwidth to their own customers without renting a server from a web hosting company. In the web hosting, reseller business is the most essential decision to make money online. You can select the control panel as per your knowledge and requirement. Good web hosting software or proper selection of control panel software that save time and money. There are some question about reseller hosting, those are, what kind of reseller control panel are profitable? what kind of hosting software programs are integrated with the reseller control panel or work with it?

One thing in web hosting is that, it permit the user to create various email ids with the website domain name. The business policies and programs which attract the attention of the customer are advertisements on the website. This enable the site owner to interact with its customers and heighten the customer trustworthiness.

There are two platforms widely used in web hosting, those are Windows hosting and Linux hosting. Most of the PC owner all over the world are comfortable with Windows operating system. Window operating system software's are easily available but they don't come for free. This is the only thing that makes windows hosting expensive.

Window is a largest software company all over the world, so it make world class software. Today windows products are better and cheaper than other companies. Linux hosting is well known for its operational nature. This is an open source software product. Linux is faster than other operating system so user can save up to 50% time. Linux hosting is much secure than other dedicated hosting. So choose the web hosting program with open eyes and carefully and obviously choose the one that suits your requirement.

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Web hosting is a type of Internet hosting service which provide the accessibility to any individuals and organizations, for their own website via the World Wide Web. Web hosts are companies which provide space on their own server or lease server and also provide Internet connectivity typically in a data center. Web host can also supply space in data center and connectivity to the Internet for servers which they do not own but they are situated in their data center, called collocation services.

As for example if you have the best web site design, you would not be capable to make to the highest degree of your online business without good web hosting services. If your web pages are designed and developed on a single computer, obviously they move to a server, or host, so that they are accessible to the rest of the world over the Internet.

There are many types of web hosting plans. The hosting plans are depending on clients requirements. User can understand their needs, do some research and evaluate the services to choose the correct web hosting plans. Some web hosting are as follows.

Shared hosting is known as virtual hosting or mass hosting. In this hosting process, user place their content and applications on a server, that is used by another user as a same time. In this case the server owner is managed by the web host provider. Web host provider takes the responsibility to provide security, privacy and also technical support. This is a cheaper web hosting plan because many user share the overall cost of the server maintenance. In my point of view, generally the most economical option for hosting is Shared hosting for the beginners.

Reseller web hosting is a type of web hosting where customers or account owners are able to use their selected hard drive space and bandwidth to host websites on behalf of third parties. In case the reseller rent the server, from web hosting company then sell the part of allotted resources to customer for some profit.

Managed dedicated server is a server where the technical things are managed by the hosting service. The hosting service will be responsible for your setup, installation, security, privacy and technical support and you just need to focus on your business and help it grow. You also need to keep in mind that if you have a high ranking web site then the best fit your needs is Managed dedicated server.

Linux dedicated hosting is one type of dedicated hosting. It is popular for its effectiveness as it runs much faster than the other web hosting servers and is used with Linux operating system. Linux dedicated hosting permit the websites to get loaded with essential information and data faster than any types of web hosting. It helps in saving loading time up to 50% than other types of web hosting. So In my point of view choose web hosting program that depends upon the nature of your website.

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As Internet is becoming a best resource to run a online business and earn lot of money through online Internet activities, I have seen many people getting diverted towards reseller hosting business. The main reason behind this is 'Reseller Hosting business can be started without having any deep technical knowledge of command over support services. Many web hosting companies have a big amount of bandwidth available but the ground level customer is not in need of such a large among of bandwidth for their tiny websites. In this situation a Reseller Host who works as a middle agent between web hosting company and webmasters plays a crucial role by purchasing high bandwidth and distributing it in small among as required by small webmasters.We will find many web hosting companies encouraging the Reseller hosting business as they want their business to grow in remuneration of a tiny part of profit on sales of direct deals without webmasters. As the technical support staff of a We b Hosting company is highly expertise in handling the technical issues regarding hosting, a Reseller does not need to play any role regarding actual hosting operations. One of the part of this technical knowledge is that many people are not aware of the the difference between Linux Reseller Hosting and Windows Reseller Hosting and hence the get confused while selecting one of these two.In Reseller web hosting the reseller can use and given disk space and bandwidth as he required. It is up to him how much he want to sell to the third party customer's web hosting services at higher rates than the rate at which he has purchased it from a web hosting company and how much to keep for his own Website Hosting. As there are main two type of web hosting 'Windows Hosting and Linux hosting', both are used very widely in Reseller hosting also. If we compared these both then we will find that Linux reseller hosting is more often chosen by Reseller and the reason behind it is absence of I ncensing fee which is charged by Microsoft windows. Linux is a open source and easily down-loadable for free of cost. One more advantage Linux has over windows is that it is very reliable for various scrips of very popular languages like My-SQL, Perl and PHP. It can handle large databases without any problem and with as equal security as a Windows server provides.Now we will look at some strengths of Windows Reseller Hosting which does not comes with Linux Reseller hosting. Windows platform is known of highly supporting to ASP scripts which are Microsoft's very popular application for designing websites. The RDMS which comes under SQL is responsible for highest level of reliability can be managed with Windows Reseller hosting. Furthermore just using a single cPanel a Windows Reseller can manage many clients which is hardly possible for a Linux Reseller, and this causes making Windows Reseller hosting more time saving and effortless. Microsoft's SQL servers are better for man aging critical business application.Both Linux Reseller Hosting and Windows Reseller Hosting has their own advantageous and disadvantages. It is up to ones mind to know his own needs and comfort and choose one of these. The people who are just starting up their websites or businesses with a tight budget are more likely to go with Linux Hosting and Big and well established businesses who want to implement.NET or Microsoft applications can go for Windows hosting.

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Software for mobile devices released Android treasure: an operating system for mobile applications and an important undertaking.

To take full advantage of the Android mobile applications from scratch to relieve the developers to create a common ground to facilitate mobile applications. Android has been developed based on an open Linux kernel. It is said that the exact application may be open, as the lone address all the major cell functions such as sending text messages, calls and using the camera, which gives developers the opportunity to create a much richer, more consistent user experience. Android will continue the success of the developer group of people working mutually to get closer to the pioneer of mobile phone applications.

Android does not show favoritism between the basic applications and mobile applications intermediatory. Equipment for the Android platform will have an equal right to the use of all hand-Mobile provides users with a comprehensive resource of all kinds of applications and services. Android is full of mold bases for mobile phones handset according to their areas of curiosity.

Android tutorial contains a prologue to build applications for Android, and clean up. This guidance on how to create, manufacture, launch and modify the source code for Android.

Android tutorial includes instructions on where to start from the development of applications for Android, the creation of the first Android Activity. This is useful for both Android tutorial for people experienced in Java, as well as inept at human development and Java development.

In particular, run Mobile G1 Android mobile phone platform is a hardware built by Google with High Tech Computer Corporation (HTCC). G1 Android Phone T-Mobile was debuted at the 2008th Coming to technical aspects, the Android phone operating system Android applications, and acts as a vital undertaking. Android is based on the Linux kernel consists of Java applications and can also operate in C language applications. Android phone has some industrial goods Open Phone Alliance, which promotes the practice and further enhancement of the open-source software.

The major difference between the Android phone and other devices that use sophisticated operating software, Android. Android phone is a versatile, mobile applications, which can act as backdrop to the manifold and at the same time period. Although the fractions of the Android operating system kept a protective arm Apache License for Android phone is essential to the Sentinel, a lot of the operating system is on a rampage under the General Public License, to invite the specialized developers or hobbyists to make ingenious changes.

Android OS platform is a portable device to the motor vehicle by a driver in the Linux kernel was promoted to the phone carrier to ensure the principle of flexibility in the system.

Android OS software consists of a pile of applications for the operation of Java's object-oriented Java applications with the basic structure of the libraries functioning Dalvik virtual machine. Android OS source code contains 12 million lines, which consists of 2.8 million series C, series of XML 3,000,000, 1,750,000 lines of C + + and 2.1 million lines of Java.

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Open source applications and tools are a great alternative for web designers on a budget. There are plenty of open source applications that can help you tremendously as a web designer. Open source projects are great not only because of their price tag (free), but also because of the passionate community that typically forms around them.

Here is list of open source applications that can improve your task management and production processes.

Source Code and WYSIWYG Editors

Kompozer

KompoZer is a complete web authoring system that combines web file management and easy-to-use WYSIWYGweb page editing. KompoZer is designed to be extremely easy to use, making it ideal for non-technical computer users who want to create an attractive, professional-looking web site without needing to know HTML or web coding.

Amaya

Amaya is a Web editor, i.e. a tool used to create and update documents directly on the Web. Browsing features are seamlessly integrated with the editing and remote access features in a uniform environment. This follows the original vision of the Web as a space for collaboration and not just a one-way publishing medium.

Bluefish Editor

Bluefish is a powerful editor targeted towards programmers and webdesigners, with many options to write websites, scripts and programming code. Bluefish supports many programming and markup languages, and it focuses on editing dynamic and interactive websites.

Quanta Plus

Quanta Plus is a robust web development IDE. It's highly-extensible and is able to run custom scripts. It has an excellent visual CSS editor that has code hints and auto-completion of syntax.

CSSED

Cssed is a GTK2 application for creating and maintainingCSS style sheet. It is a small editor that tries to ease the CSS editing. It features autocompletion, CSS syntax validation, selector wizard for complex rules, color wizard, box wizard and other useful features to help web developers to create and maintain CSS style sheets.

jEdit

jEdit is a programmer's text editor written in Java. It uses the Swing toolkit for the GUI and can be configured as a rather powerful IDE through the use of its plugin architecture. It can run on Mac, Windows and Linux and has syntax highlighting for HTML, XML, CSS, JavaScript and many other languages.

Notepad++

Notepad++ is a free source code editor and Notepad replacement that supports several languages. Running in the MS Windows environment, its use is governed by GPL License.

Open Bexi HTML Builder

Open Bexi HTML Editor is a WYSIWYG HTML editor which allows you to create Web pages and generate HTML code from your browser without any HTML knowledge. It lets you create, update and remove HTML components. It is suitable for beginners and experts.

Aptana

Aptana is the leader in web application development, deployment and management solutions. RadRails is a complete web development environment for Ruby, HTML, CSS, JavaScript, ERB, and more.

Selida

Selida is an HTML editor, a program that you make web pages with. There are thousands of HTML editors on the web, some are free and some are shareware. Selida packs high end features in a very intuitive interface, and has the bestprice of them all: It's free!

Graphics/Image Editors

GIMP

GIMP an impressively powerful and freely-distributable Adobe Photoshop-alternative open-source application for digital image composition, authoring, retouching and processing.

Inkscape

Inkscape is a vector graphics editor application. with capabilities similar to Adobe Illustrator.

krita

Krita is a painting and image-editing software application for KOffice. Krita is a creative sketching and painting application based on KOffice technology. Whether you want to create art paintings, cartoons, concept art or textures, Krita supports most graphics tablets out of the box.Dia

Dia is a GTK+ based diagram creation and flowcharts tool for GNU/Linux, Unix and Windows.

Kivio

Kivio is an easy to use diagramming and flowcharting application with tight integration to the other KOffice applications. It enables you to create network diagrams, organisation charts, flowcharts and more.

Skencil

Skencil is a vector drawing application that's great for illustrations and diagrams. You can save your compositions in EPS format - a format recognized by most vector-editing applications.

OpenOffice DrawOpenoffice Draw is powerful graphics package. DRAW - from a quick sketch to a complex plan, DRAW gives you the tools to communicate with graphics and diagrams. With a maximum page size of 300cm by 300cm, DRAW is powerful tool for technical or general posters, etc

mtPaint

mtPaint is a painting program which Mark Tyler developed from scratch so he could easily create pixel art and manipulate digital photos.

FontForge

With the help of fontforge you create your own postscript, truetype, opentype, cid-keyed, multi-master, cff, svg and bitmap (bdf, FON, NFNT) fonts, or edit existing ones. Also lets you convert one format to another. FontForge has support for many macintosh font formats.

ImageMagick

ImageMagick can read, convert and write images in a variety of formet. From it you can create, edit, and compose bitmap images.

Audio Editors

Ardour

Ardour is a digital audio workstation. You can use it to record, edit and mix multi-track audio. You can produce your own CDs, mix video soundtracks, or just experiment with new ideas about music and sound.

Audacity

Audacity is a free, easy-to-use audio editor and recorder for Windows, Mac OS X, GNU/Linux and other operating systems.

Grip

Grip is a cd-player and cd-ripper for the Gnome desktop. It has the ripping capabilities of cdparanoia builtin, but can also use external rippers (such as cdda2wav).

Hydrogen

Hydrogen is an advanced drum machine for GNU/Linux. It's main goal is to bring professional yet simple and intuitive pattern-based drum programming.

Jokosher

Jokosher is a simple yet powerful multi-track studio. With it you can create and record music, podcasts and more, all from an integrated simple environment.

MusE

MusE is a MIDI/Audio sequencer with recording and editing capabilities written by Werner Schweer. MusE aims to be a complete multitrack virtual studio for Linux.

Rosegarden

Rosegarden is a well-rounded audio and MIDI sequencer, score editor, and general-purpose music composition and editing environment.

soundKonverter

soundKonverter is a frontend to various audio converters. The key features are Audio conversion, Replay Gain calculation, CD ripping.

Streamripper

Streamripper allows you to download an entire station of music. Many of these mp3 radio stations only play certain genres, so you can now download an entire collection of goa/trance music, an entire collection of jazz, punk rock, whatever you want.

Video Editors

AvideMUX

Avidemux is a free video editor designed for simple cutting, filtering and encoding tasks. It supports many file types, including AVI, DVD compatible MPEGfiles, MP4 and ASF, using a variety of codecs.

Cinelerra

Cinelerra does primarily 3 main things: capturing, compositing, and editing audio and video with sample level accuracy. It's a seamless integration of audio, video, and still photos rarely experienced on a web server.

CinePaint

CinePaint is used to retouch feature films and in pro photography. CinePaint opens high fidelity image file formats such as DPX, 16-bit TIFF, and OpenEXR, and conventional formats like JPEG and PNG.

Jahshaka

Jahshaka is a video and film compositing, editing and special fx system that uses OpenGL & OpenML hardware rendering to give operators real time interactivity.

Kino

Kino is a non-linear DV editor for GNU/Linux. It features excellent integration with IEEE-1394 for capture, VTR control, and recording back to the camera.

LiVES

LiVES mixes realtime video performance and non-linear editing in one application. It will let you start editing and making video right away, without having to worry about formats, frame sizes, or framerates.

RecordMyDesktop

recordMyDesktop is a program that captures audio-video data of a linux desktop session, producing an ogg-encapsulated theora-vorbis file. recordMyDesktop tries to be as unobstrusive as possible by proccessing only regions of the screen that have changed.

Slideshow Creator

With Slideshow Creator and dvd-slideshow you can transform your pictures in a beautiful dvd-quality slide show rich of fashinating effects like ken burns, pan and animated transitions.

Ingex

Ingex is a suite of software applications designed to enable low-cost flexible tapeless television production.

Kdenlive

Kdenlive is an intuitive and powerful multi-track video editor, including most recent video technologies. Our software is completely free, in all sences of the expression, as defined by the GNU foundation.

Helpful Utilities

HTML TIDY

HTML TIDY is a free, open source utility for fixing and optimizing HTML syntax.

Cyberduck

Cyberduck is an excellent open source FTP client for the Mac OS. It features an easy to use interface with quickly accessible bookmarks. Its built-in support for Mosso Cloud files and its built-in Amazon S3 browser makes it a top-notch app for web designers and web application developers.

FillZillaFileZilla is a fast FTP and SFTP client. It is cross-platform compatible (available for Linux, Mac, and Windows operating systems) and has the ability to transfer files through numerous protocols.

winSCP

WinSCP is a Windows-only (S)FTP client for local to remote file transfers. It has a simple file manager to help you navigate and organize your files.

CamStudio

CamStudio is able to record all screen and audio activity on your computer and create industry-standard AVI video files and using its built-in SWF Producer can turn those AVIs into lean, mean, bandwidth-friendly Streaming Flash videos (SWFs) .

Greenshort

GreenShot is a screenshot capture program that lets you make on-the-fly text and image edits immediately after you grab the image.

ZScreen

ZScreen is an open-source screen capture program for Microsoft Windows. It can upload screenshots, pictures, text & files and put the URL in your clipboard in a single keystroke.

Xournal

Xournal is an application for notetaking, sketching, keeping a journal using a stylus. It is free software (GNU GPL) and runs on Linux (recent distributions) and other GTK+/Gnome platforms.

Firebug

Firebug is an extremely useful and versatile web page debugging tool. You can use it to learn and explore your HTML and CSS markup.

GalleryGalleryyou can take greater command of your image repository. Gallery is a web-based image gallery that you can use to store, organize, and access image assets online.

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Browse the front page of the website of any web hosting company and they will all be trying to persuade you that they are the best and that youshould sign up with them. Their prices and features will proudly be displayed in big bold text, like a Boy Scout who has just earned his first badge. Trouble is, most web hosting companies have failed to understand the most important thing not all prospective customers are computer experts!Its true. They list their features in a big list; things like bandwidth, FTP access, MySQL, Sub Domains, CGI, CPanel, Linux, Forwarders, etc, but what does it all mean? You browse their website to find the answers, but they are not there! No explanations can be found. I will list the MOST IMPORTANT web hosting features that you should look out for as well as some features you should AVOID, alongside a full explanation of what they mean.

Webspace / Data Storage / Disk Space:

This is the allocation of space (measured in megabytes) on a web hosting account for you to upload your files and folders. Most web hosts will have a number of different web hosting plans, with accounts with more webspace being more expensive. These can be 100MB,200MB and so on, Now, an average personal homepage, made up of a few pages may not even exceed one megabyte, but, if your website is going to be made up of hundreds of pages, or if you have large files such as digital downloads, MP3s or videos, you will need an account with a lot more webspace. Be careful not to underestimate how much webspace you will need. Your website, at first, might not take up that many megabytes, but, as your website grows in size, it will take up more space. The best thing to do is to purchase a web hosting plan with a LOT more webspace than you initially require. Webspace is stored on a server, similar to the hard drive on your computer, so even the biggest server will have a storage limit . Companies that offer unlimited webspace cram as many accounts as they can on their servers, which will undoubtedly overload their servers and may cause your website to run slow or even crash!

Bandwidth / Data Transfer:

Bandwidth is the measurement of traffic and data transfer your website can handle per month. Bandwidth is used during page views, website usage, mail and downloads from your website. When a user views a web page, the data of that web page (text, pictures, etc) are transferred from the internet to their computer. As this data transfer uses the resources of a web server, then a web host will allocate each web hosting account with a certain amount of bandwidth per month. The more visitors your website attracts, the more bandwidth your account will use, so always make sure that you choose a web host that gives you a lot of bandwidth to play with, especially if you are lucky enough to eventually entice thousands of visitors every day or if you allow users to download files from your website.

UNIX/Linux or Windows Hosting:

Although most web hosts these days offer only UNIX or Linux hosting packages, some web hosts also offer Windows hosting. Now, as most advanced websites use the PHP language to power scripts such as ecommerce stores, then you will NEED to opt for a UNIX or Linux package, because websites that use PHP will not work properly on a Windows server. Incidently, I MUST clear up a bit of confusion about Windows and UNIX/Linux servers. This has NOTHING to do with what operating system you have on your computer. Most computers have Windows as an operating system, but the majority of web hosts run on UNIX/Linux servers. Basically, if you have your website files already built and ready to upload and your page files end with.asp, then you will need Windows hosting. If your files end with.html, then ANY hosting package will do. Whereas, if your website files end with.php, then you must choose a UNIX/Linux package.

Control Panel:

All web hosts will boast a Control Panel as part of their package. This does exactly what it says on the tin. It is a web-based control panel which include all the tools you need to operate your website, all in one place, for your convenience. These tools will include a file manager for editing or uploading files, a mail server for sending and receiving emails, a database manager and many more tools. There are many types of Control Panel, but, in my opinion, CPanel Control Panel is, by far, the best and the most widely used. It is easy to use, everything is laid out nicely and it includes the best features and technology. Most other Control Panels are basically emulated versions of CPanel, but, sadly, they dont even come close. In my opinion, ALWAYS look for a web hosting plan that offers CPanel as its Control Panel. MySQL Database and PHPMyAdmin: In my opinion, these are the BEST database management tools on offer.

Email Accounts:

This might seem unimportant for me to explain about email accounts, as you know what they are, but it does in fact require a small explanation. This feature has nothing to do with your home email account, i.e. Outlook Express, for example. In fact, this feature is, quite basically, your own web-based mail server, where you can create email accounts and send and receive emails. The great thing is%u2026 your email accounts will match your domain name. i.e. All web hosts boast emaiI account management, but not all of them are the same. For example, some web hosts only allow to to create a handful of emaiI accounts, while others give you the option of creating more. e.g. 200 email accounts. Your choice of web host should take number of email accounts into consideration. With a personal homepage, you might not need many, but if you are planning an online business, you will need a lot of different email accounts. Examples will include info@, sales@, support@ and many more. A la rge business may even require that all members of staff have their own email address too.

Email Forwarders and Autoresponders:

An Email Forwarder is a great tool that will save you from having to keep logging into your mail server to check mail. Instead, this allows you to set your server to also forward a copy of all your emails to your home email client such as Outlook Express. An Autoresponder is a tool that automatically sends an email reply to anyone who contacts you through your website. Of course, it doesnt reply to the query for you! Instead, it sends them a brief message, pre-set by you, which could be something like Thank you for your email. Our staff will respond to your query as soon as possible.

Full FTP Access:

This is a must have for those of you who plan on regularly editing and uploading your website files. Most web hosts have web-based file management tools (File Manager) included, but they are always very basic and restricted. You should make sure that FTP Access is allowed too. FTP (File Transfer Protocol) Access means that you are allowed to use FTP programs to upload files quicker and easier to your web server.

PHP, Perl and CGI Support:

Although not important for personal homepages, having a web server with support for PHP, Perl and CGI is absolutely essential for a website if you are planning on using even the simplest of tools on your website, such as a contact form. PHP, Perl and CGI are all advanced scripting languages that power features such as online forms, shopping carts, autoresponders, mailing lists, messageboards, ecommerce stores, links pages and, basically, ANY type of script or software that is CGI, Perl or PHP based. Forget a web host that doesnt have support for these scripting languages.

Password Protection:

This feature enables you to assign a username and password to any folder on your website, such as an admin folder for example. Your visitors will be prompted for the login details when trying to enter. This prevents prying eyes from accessing private areas of your website.

Website Statistics:

This web-based tool enables you to view the user statistics of your website, such as page views, number of visitors, file useage, where your users came from, browser types and other statistics.

Add-On Domains:

This is where you can use several domain names with one web hosting accounts, but this is NOT advisable.Although, this feature may work with smaller HTML websites, most ecommerce or other advanced PHP websites will NOT work properly on hosting with add-on domains. This is because add-on domains are only virtual domains. You see, only one domain can truly be associated to one web hosting account. An advanced PHP website or script will normally only work on a hosting account with only one domain name associated to it as the mechanics of a PHP website need to call to one domain only for it to function properly. The confusion of calling to multiple domain names may break the website. In my opinion, steer clear of hosting plans that boast add-on domains.

Sub Domains:

NOT to be confused with Add-On Domains, because Sub Domains are completely different. This feature allows you (if needed) to split your website into different sections. Ideal if different parts of your website are for different things. e.g. something.yourwebsite.com

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Before you start searching for a web host, you must familiarize yourself with the terminology used in this field. The following terms are also considered key factors in deciding the suitable hosting plan that meets your requirements. You can start learning what does each term mean and how does it affect your selection.

Web Host

A web host, also known as web server, is a computer connected to the internet. This computer is more powerful than normal PCs and is set up to serve up websites. Your website content will reside on this computer, which will give people who surf the internet a way to access your website.

Web hosts can be categorized into three main categories based on the price range and common features for each category:

1. Free Hosts: limited in space, bandwidth and other features. Suitable for personal websites or for temporary usage. Usually enforce pop-up, text or banner ads. They do not provide the best performance and/or reliability. They provide minimum or no customer support. If you register for a free host, your domain will be something like yourname.freehost.com or [/yourname].

2. Shared Hosts: most websites are using this type of hosting. Suitable for personal, small and medium businesses. Prices range from $1 to about $25 a month. Features also range from very limited space/bandwidth to semi-dedicated servers. Your website has its own top level domain (e.g. []) The number of websites on a server affects its performance and availability, more websites usually means less performance. Servers hosting less number of shared websites are more expensive, but more reliable. Some companies allow customers to host multiple websites with different domains under a single account.

3. Dedicated Hosts: A full server dedicated to a single customer. Usually used by large businesses and very active websites with thousands of daily visitors. The customer will have full control over the server, and can create as many websites as he likes. Customer can have his own hosting company run on a rented dedicated server. Prices depend on the specifications and services provided with the server, starting from about $100 up to about $800 dollars a month.

4. Colocated Hosts: very similar to dedicated hosts, but the customer owns the server hardware instead of renting it. The server will be housed in provider's data center. Prices are a bit higher than dedicated servers.

5. Reseller Hosts: providers offer web server storage to customers, who then resell the web server storage to their customers. Providers usually offer resellers a discount price.

6. Other Hosts: there are few other types of hosts such as email hosts, media hosts, data hosts, etc but these are out of the scope of this article.

Domain Name

[] is an example of a domain name. It's a name that points to where your website is physically located. The actual address of your website is a set of numbers that looks like (70.86.135.242). This address is unique for every web server. Domain names are just pointers to the real addresses. It's easier to remember the domain names than the IP addresses.

Space / Storage

The amount of web server's disk space available for customer's website files, images and databases. It can be as small as 5MB in some free hosts and as big as 300GB for some dedicated servers. Space prices reduced significantly during the last few years. Customer can find hosting plans offering 3GB of space for less than $10 a month.

Bandwidth

Bandwidth is the amount of data transferred from web server to clients' internet browsers. Each time a person view a page data is transmitted from the server to that person's PC. Audio, video and images contents consume much more bandwidth than text. Bandwidth can be as low as 100MB a month in some free web hosts and as high as 2000GB a month in some dedicated servers. Customer can find hosting plans offering 75GB of monthly data transfer for less than $10.

Server Type

Usually means the operating system than runs the web server. Common types are Windows, Linux and UNIX. Server type determines the server side scripting and database types. Windows usually runs ASP and ASP.NET with Access or SQL Server databases. Linux/UNIX servers usually runs CGI, PHP or JSP with mySQL or Oracle databases. Windows servers are usually more expensive than Linux/UNIX servers.

Databases

As you have seen in server types, there are different types of databases. The most commonly used is mySQL because its an open source GPL (free) software and can serve a lot of online applications' requirements such as forums, content management, mailing lists, etc. MySQL, however, has some limitations in its features. Complicated large business sites will need more powerful databases such as Oracle or SQL Server.

Server Side Scripting

Most new users prefer to use PHP as server side scripting. The reason is that there are hundreds of open source (GPL) PHP scripts that can meet a lot of webmaster's requirements. Similar to mySQL, PHP has some limitations in features required by advanced websites, which makes some senior web developers prefer to use ASP.NET or JSP. Other developers still prefer to use Cold Fusion, CGI, ASP or PERL.

Email

Most hosting plans include the feature of having some email accounts with customer's domain (e.g. ). The number and size of email accounts depends on the hosting plan. Free plans do not usually have this feature, small plans give about 10 accounts where big plans do not limited the number. Those email accounts are usually web based and accessible through POP3 clients as well.

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

A standard way of transferring files across the Internet. Most webmasters upload and download their websites contents using FTP. The upload or download processes are usually performed using FTP client software. To access their web servers, webmasters need FTP username and password. Some hosts give more than one FTP account to their customers. FTP can by anonymous as well, but its not recommended for security reasons.

Control Panel

Most web hosting companies provide their customers with a control panel, a web based application that helps in managing websites. Common functions in control panels are: managing email accounts, providing statistics, managing FTP accounts, managing domains and subdomains and managing databases. The most commonly used control panel application is cPanel. Some companies develop their own control panel application.

Uptime

An important feature of web hosts is their uptime, which is usually measured in percentage. A server that goes down for an average of 30 minutes a day will have an uptime percentage of about 99.98%, which is acceptable for most small to medium business websites. Anything less than this percentage is not suitable for a business website. Mission critical sites cannot tolerate frequent outages, thus they may use web monitoring services to notify web administrators immediately when an outage happens.

Price

With the wide range of options available for customers, the price is also ranges from 0 to $1000 a month. Most personal, small and medium websites shouldn't cost more than $15 a month. It's not recommended for business website owners to go for very cheap plans (less than $5) because this price usually means a compromise in the quality of support and reliability of the server.

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Have you found a website that sells the most remarkable things only to find you can't seel them?How long have you poored over the internet to find that it is full of graeat opportunities and people are makeing millions to find your not?So could you wright a book that describes how to make a million and sell it if you beleved it would make you a millionare?

When I first started on the net I found that the virouses alone could be hazardous to your computer life. After rebuilding my computer three times from crashes. I got the right anti-virouse protection.

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June 06, 2009 If you're like alot of people, you'll be in debt. It's The Greatest Unwritten Secret: The often asked question is, how can you possibly create wealth when you don't even have the CASH in hand to get started in the first place?

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As you check these links out. See if I am just not listening or It is what you have heard over and over agian?

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Control panel is known as the cPanel which is the important section for hosting the website. When you are willing to host a website, the service provider will give a control panel for hosting your website. Some icons are obtained in the control panel those have different activities in different purposes. The outlooks of the control panel are about the same for specific types of server but vary from system to system. There are varieties types of servers available where windows server and Linux server are used by most of the people. Depending on the operating system, the servers are varied and they have different outlooks of their control panel. For hosting of the websites successfully, you must be familiar with the icons of the control panel and crystal clear conception on their activities.

Control panel has given us extra facilities for hosting the website and we can manage all the activities of the server and sites staying at the control panel. You don't need to be familiar with the coding of server design for connecting the website with the server. It is enough if you are operator of the server and know the icons and folders. All the folders are named according to their activities. If you have general conception of the mechanism, then you simply will be able to operate the control panel. But you should learn from any expert or server administrator before hosting your website. Using the control panel, you simply can upload the general files, CMS files, pictures and blogs. It was tuff for you to upload the separate files, if you don't have the control panel in your hand.

Most of the professional designers have crystal clear conception on server and control panel. Entering in the control panel, you can say that the server is windows based or Linux based. Two types of algorithmic languages are used in the website depending on the operating system. PHP and ASP are the two types of languages those are very much used in designing the dynamic websites. If the website is designed using the ASP language, then you should prefer windows based server and if you use PHP language, then you should use the Linux based server. PHP gives super performance in the Linux server and ASP performs well in windows server. Linux based server has become very popular as they ensures the best security.

You can open the email account from the cpanel and protect the server from receiving the SPAM mail. You can do such types of works going to the web mail function. Cpanel is effective to store data in case of danger of the sites. The unauthorized access should be stopped and you can do that using the help of cpanel. Cpanel contains all the general options those should be done for general purposes. You can create the e-mail accounts through the cpanel. Bandwidth monitoring, detecting the traffic of the website and information of the visitors may be known using the cpanel. For those reasons, cpanel may be called as the magic of the website.

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Certain error messages are kind of havoc to the users as these are the clear threats to the stored data and hence raise the issues which need Linux recovery. The Linux file system parts like superblock and inode are very sensitive and thus a mere corruption can lead to the inaccessibly of the data. In this respect, the following error message may distract you many times, when the Linux hard drive is attempted to mount:"mount wrong file system type, bad option, bad superblock, or too many mounted file systems"One of the probable cause of the upcoming of this error message is some errors in the fstab (file system table) file. This file in Linux operating system serves the purpose of listing all the available disks and disk partitions. This files tells the operating system how to initialize or integrated in the file system. The mount command uses this file to determine which specific options are to be used. So to fix the issue, you can reset several options in this file. Some of the partition ables may be falling creepy due to damage. In the most severe chances the device files may becoming problematic. Many times fsck may cure the issue. But the severe situations may build when none of the solutions work and the data still remains inaccessible, out of your approach. This is the point when Linux recovery makes its place.Linux data recovery software are operable on Windows systems, to which the affected hard drive is needed to be attached to entail data recovery Linux. These software deploy the influential algorithms so as to scan and recover each bit of the lost data.Linux recovery software are the well-built applications workable in each case of data loss. Some of the data recovery Linux products posses some powerful and useful features, developed to handle harsh file system problems. The users feel easy to work upon, due to the interactive user interface, these Linux data recovery software offer.Stellar Phoenix Linux Data Recovery software is trustworthy and effective in all means. This complete Linux recovery software does a complete scan of the affected hard drive with the powerful algorithms.Recovering data from Ext2, Ext3 and ReiserFS file systems, this Linux recovery software offers the graphically rich user interface. The software recognizes each file type, while File Filter and File Mask like options enhance its capabilities. This software is the complete term for the valuable and superb data recovery Linux.

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A dual boot or multi boot is a system in which two operating systems are installed on a single hard drive, letting you boot from either of the operating system. The boot loader is a program which allows you to have dual booting. General combination of operating systems exercised in dual booting includes Linux and Windows. The dual booting allows you to use features and functions of both of the operating systems on a single computer. Dual boot systems are mostly useful for programmers and testers. Although, dual boot systems are very useful but sometimes they can also cause several problems. A minor mistake made by the user while making a dual boot system can lead to the several catastrophic problems. A common mistake made by the users, while making a dual boot system, is selecting "prepare hard drive" option. This option appears you when you install Windows operating system on a Linux system, in order to make it multi boot. When you use this option, all of the hard drive p artitions and stored data gets deleted. After that new partitions are created and the operating system is installed. When the installation will complete, you will have a blank hard drive without any operating system and data. Everything, which was previously stored on the hard drive, will be deleted. Data loss and hard drive partition loss is the worst case scenario which a computer user, either general or professional, could face. It can cause several nightmares and can possibly put you out of the business. In such circumstances, it becomes really important to recover your precious data from the formatted hard drive to save you and your business. The data recovery in these cases needs to be performed for the Linux data. The data recovery Linux is possible through the use of Linux data recovery software. Linux recovery software is the applications, offered by the several data recovery companies, to handle all the data loss situations. A powerful data recovery Linux software does a thorough scan of the hard drive and extracts data up to the maximum level of possibility. To ensure the absolute Linux data recovery, selecting powerful Linux recovery software of trusted brand is worth. Stellar Phoenix Linux Data Recovery software is the most influential hard drive recovery software provided by the most trusted name of the data recovery industry- Stellar. This software is able to attend all the data loss scenarios and recover data in a quick and easy way. This Linux Recovery software is extremely powerful and easy to use so that you can carry out Linux data recovery without having any sound technical knowledge. This software supports all the Linux file systems such as Ext2, Ext3 and ReiserFS.

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When you start your Linux system, at boot time, the process may get terminated and you might come across with the following error message:"Can't Locate Module "After this error message, the system does not boot and none of your data can be accessed from it. CauseThis error message usually occurs if modprobe, rmmod, or insmod files are not able to find a module. Due to this, the system can not access the required system files to boot and thus shows the error message. Modprobe- It is a system file that intelligently adds or removes the modules from the Linux kernel. It looks in module directory "/lib/modules/uname -r" for all modules and other files. Insmod- It is a trivial tool for inserting a module in the Linux kernel. It takes the module from standard input. If this tool tries to link the modules inside the Linux kernel, the error messages are thrown. Rmmod- It uploads the loadable modules from running Linux kernel. It tries to upload the set of module s from kernel, with restriction that they aren't in use and that they aren't referred to by other ones. These system files can't perform their tasks if they are corrupted. The corruption could be due to virus attack, file system corruption, improper system shutdown and so on. ResolutionIn such critical situations, the only solution to work around this problem is to format the primary partition of your hard drive and reinstall the operating system. It will remove all the errors and will install a new set of data structures and a fresh Linux kernel. Though, formatting will remove the errors, but also delete the data stored on the primary partition. The situations can become worse if you have not partitioned your hard drive and stored all of precious data on it. In such circumstances, you need for a solution which can recover your lost data and can save you and your business. These solutions are available in the form of Linux recovery software. Linux data recovery software is t he third party applications, specifically designed to meet different users' data recovery requirements. The data recovery Linux software are easy to use and thus do not require any sound technical knowledge from user's side. Stellar Phoenix Linux Data Recovery software is the best ever made and the most comprehensive Linux recovery software which carries out absolute data recovery Linux. You can use this software to perform Linux data recovery for all flavors and can recover all of sorts of lost files.

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File system holds all the information about the files located on the hard disk. Without this, your operating system would not be able to locate the data as then no memory pointer would be there. So for any operating system, including Linux, this is the top priority task that file system should remain free from corruption, else to fall for Linux recovery. But while dealing with Linux systems, having Ext2 file system being uses, the following error message may push you in a real critical situation:EXT2-fs error (device 09:00): ext2_check_descriptors: Block bitmap fonot in group (block 3670099)!EXT2-fs: group descriptors corruptedLets come to the Linux file system structure. The Block Group is the components which commutatively create the file system and they create a block group descriptor which is responsible for managing and controlling the file creation and accessing acts. This data structure possesses the Block Bitmap, Super Block, Inode Bitmap and Inode Table like infor mation, which plays the significant role in Linux file systems.Now as the use of this data structure becomes more, its components drift towards corruption and hence giving rise to file system corruption too. In this specific error message, Block bitmap has got corrupted, which acts as the map of the entire blocks in the group. If you will run fsck in this case, perhaps the error messages, stating the corruption in superblock may also be found, firming your belief that EXT2 has got corrupted harshly.If you can locate and then run fsck with the alternate data structures, then you have a chance of Linux data recovery without any pain or else refresh the copy of the file system. But With the second option, be ready to lose all your data. Fortunately, third party data recovery Linux can help you in this regard. These are the software which are designed to run a through scanning mechanism over the hard drive to offer the best Linux recovery results.Through their interactive inter face, these will help you use the Linux data recovery utilities without any problem. For avoiding any flaw in Linux recovery, this would be better if you make a good research prior.Stellar Phoenix Linux Data Recovery software is the application, which proves as the best data recovery Linux help to the users. Its supportive nature to Ext2, Ext3 and ReiserFS file systems and identification power to all type of file make this Linux recovery utility up to mark.Moreover, you would find an interactive interface to work with. This Linux data recovery tool is the ultimate one to solve all the data loss problems.

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Do you see your Linux system running slow? The one reason could be the fragmentation in the hard disk. Sounds strange to hear? Till now, you might have heard that Linux file system don't need defragging as whole of the system is organized and lets file saving in a sequential way. But, this is not true up to 100%. Though the noticeable effects could be late (almost when 95% of hard disk becomes full), but the fragmentation in the Linux file systems is the truth.Now where fragmentation means the file is lying in the broken pieces, spread over different parts of hard drive, defragmentation is the exactly reverse process of making sure that no file is fragmented. Each of the file, you have, should lie on one contiguous area of the hard disk so that there is no stress on the file system and read/write head to access the data. More fragments of the file means there are more difficulties for Linux OS to perform. Your system may run slow as now it has to seek many areas of the har d drive to have a single file access. On top of that, file corruption and data loss cases are common with excessive fragmentation. So Linux users need to have defragging of their hard drive on the regular basis. How to have defragmentation?In Ext2 and Ext3 file systems, 'defrag' utility is the cure to have. But its application needs few set of precautions so as to avoid any Linux recovery need.First make the backup of the drive, preferably as an image of drive, as any wrong thing like power-failure, can make whole of the data gone. Secondly, in the process you are going to make an entirely new file system, so don't perform the procedure when you are not sure of the any step. In ext3 file system, the application demands that it should be converted into Ext2 first. But, this may create a data loss scenario as it may not know how to deal with the new features of Ext3 file system.In any of the case, when you face data loss, either due to the fault of not making backup, file syst em corruption or faults in the defrag process, data recovery Linux assures no regret. The concept of data loss doesn't end with data recovery Linux, but in fact with the intended software utilities, you can recover all you have lost. Linux recovery software are the programs, built to scan and recover all the lost data in an interactive way.Stellar Phoenix Linux Data Recovery software works out the best in Linux data recovery field. The software advantages data recovery Linux in all data loss cases for Ext2, Ext3 and Resier FS file systems. Through the graphically rich user interface of this Linux recovery software, the whole task is quite easy and valuable.

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Have you ever though that why nowadays, more and more people are turning towards Linux web hosting rather than the very conventional use of Windows web hosting? The most suitable answer to this deft change is stability. However, you may ask now, that on what terms is Linux more stable than windows? Contrasting windows, Linux is an open source operating system. The code is open and accessible to people, who can easily go through them and can recommend improvements. In addition to this, they are also allowed to point out bugs. Over the years, Linux has been developed in two smart categories such as Red Hat and Debian. It is a collective effort of thousands and thousands of people, who have worked really hard and have contributed their time to making Linux web hosting run faster and to provide simpler, more competent and bug free code.

The open programming environment, have made it easier to bring improvements regular basis. Also, the problems can be traced relatively quickly and solved with the least of complexity. A person, who is dependent on his website for any kind of business or other purpose, would not appreciate his site going offline as it is directly proportional to loss. This is the reason why every business wishes to procure a stable operating system so that they can totally avoid the miserable consequences of dreadful server crashes.

Second issue, where Linux gets an upper hand over windows is that while the new set up of an online site, whether or not, the operating system engaged will be able to use the full range of required software and scripts? Presently, most of the web hosting companies propose Linux web because whatever can be done with Windows hosting is completely possible with Linux Hosting as well. Today, almost all popular script packages on the web today are accessible in both Windows and Linux web hosting versions, where it has been widely accepted that Linux web hosting version is more stable and possess all of the features of windows.

Thirdly, expense, which is of course is one of the most important concerns, is also not an issue with Linux. Linux web hosting is usually offered at the equal charges as Windows web hosting. Hence now, with Linux, one can avail the same set of services at same price but additional features like: stability Applicable with all popular script packages

Another beneficial aspect, which is quite important to be mentioned here is that on Linux using PHP, it is much easier to program databases and this happens because even PHP was developed by the community and hence, is an open source.

Lastly, if you require Basic HTML pages, and have nothing to do with further additions of dynamic elements then Linux is the best pick for you. PHP, Perl and MySQL give you a whole range of possibilities. In order to gain more information about Linux web hosting, simply visit

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