Linux Community Magazine

You learn Linux best by getting real practical experience workingwith it. By using a Linux desktop, running Linux programs, andespecially running Linux commands - the real power behind Linuxadministration.

5 Ways to Get Linux Running to Get Linux Training

1. Get Linux "pre-installed" on a new computer

This is one of the easiest ways to start working with Linux.Several major retailers now offer Linux pre-installed on theircomputer systems. Just buy it, boot it and start working!

2. Install Linux on a system that doesn't have Windows

You can install Linux "from scratch", from CD or DVD, on a new orused system that doesn't already have an operating system (likeWindows) on it.

3. Install Linux on a Windows system

If you don't want to buy a new or used system for Linux, you caninstall Linux on an existing Windows system. When you do this,you create a "dual boot" (Linux and Windows) system.

After you install Linux and boot your system, a menu will appearallowing you to boot into Windows or boot into Linux!

In this case, you don't need to buy a computer just for Linux.But there is a downside: if you make a mistake during theinstallation, or even if you delete Linux from your system later,you may loose all your Windows programs and data!

Linux Tip: Be sure to back up your system up before you install Linux and before you remove Linux.

4. Boot a system with a Linux "live" CD or DVD version

This one's quite fun and very easy to do!

You can work with a Linux "live" version by booting a system witha Linux live CD or DVD.

Just put the Linux live CD / DVD in your drive and start yoursystem. As soon as your system boots, Linux will automaticallystart and run "live". No installation required!

Linux Tip: If you don't have a high-speed connection to download Linux, you can buy Linux on CD or DVD and have it mailed to you anywhere in the world for a surprisingly small amount of money.

5. Run Linux from within Windows

A free "player" version of Linux is the easiest and fastestway to get Linux running from within Windows, on an existingWindows system!

Just run Windows and download and install the free Linux "player"program and a free "player" version of Linux. This lets youeasily run Linux from within Windows!

Run the player program and open the player version of Linux andyou get a fully functional version of Linux running from withinWindows!

Now you know how to get Linux running so you can get real,practical experience working with Linux!

Copyright 2007 Clyde Boom (goa).

Download Linux for Free! Linux is a bulletproof operating system for your PC or laptop computer. Linux is fast, stable, and immune to virus and spyware. Easy to install and so simple, grandma can use it. Over 30 games come with Linux including Poker!

"Linux is the best operating system you can get!"

Virus and Spyware Free! Linux is immune to 99% of viruses and spyware. You can surf in the worst neighborhoods on the web and not worry about your computer getting screwed up. Download music movies and games and not worry about trojans and adware. You no longer need to fear opening attacthments in you email and getting a system wrecking worm. Unlike in windows systems, when the browser pop-up blocker is set, YOU DON'T GET POP-UPS!Ultra Stable & Reliable! Many commercial Linux servers have been known to run for six years or more without a single system crash! With Linux, viruses and spyware can't change your system settings or destroy your computer. This is why over 75% of servers are Linux powered! Even hackers can't change your settings enough to cause serious problems. Avoid the blue screen of death and use Linux!

"So Easy to Use!"

A six year old child can use Linux! If you have been using Mac or Windows, the learning curve for Linux is so very easy. Just like with Windows, you can "cut & paste", "copy & paste", "drag & drop", and save online images to your computer. Linux is made to be simple for the computer novice and is very fool proof.Tons of Free Software and Games! Over 9,000 FREE SOFTWARE programs are available for Linux. Downloading and installing the software is easy with the awesome and simple package manager. Most programs available for windows are also available as clone or replica software for Linux. Included is the Open Office suite and The Gimp Image Editor. Open Office is a powerful office suite that can read and write Microsoft Word and Excel documents. Open Office can even take text or HTML files and make a PDF document! The Gimp Image Editor compares very well to Adobe Photoshop. Over 30 fun games are included on the CD. Some of my favorites are: Video Poker, Blackjack, Battleship , Asteroids, and Tetris.

"Hardware Compatable"

Linux works with almost all hardware and networking. Printers, scanners, digital cameras, cable modems, DSL modems, network routers, and wireless devices. Linux supports all motherboards, video cards, plus all Intel and AMD CPUs. There are drivers for about everything, and Linux finds your hardware automatically. The only thing Linux does not like are older winmodems. Linux does not work well on Apple computers.Try a live bootable CD. You can try a free live CD version of Linux first if you want. The CD does run slow, but it will give you a good idea of what linux is like. Put it in your CDROM and reboot your computer. You want shock and awe? This is what you will get the first time you see Linux on CD. The FREE live CD, is also the install CD,

If you want to have a guide for Linux you can: Buy The LinuxEZ.com Guide"There is nothing like this guide on the internet!"There are thousands of linux guides and how-to books out there. Those guides are written for the geek gear-head. You don't need to be a aeronautics engineer to fly in a jet airplane. Right? The LinuxEZ.com guide has simple instructions for the novice user that wants a faster and more secure operating system on his home desktop computer or laptop. We don't give you too much information. We only give you what you need to have a good experience with Linux.

visit this link if you want to get the Ultimate Linux Guide: /ijQF9J

If you are a pc fanatic and want to test a bit with the Operating System of your respective personal computer or tired with trojan, viruses, adware or spyware you could possibly consider a practical Technique that is both secure, fast and simultaneously totally free, test Ubuntu A linux systemunix. Ie8 A linux systemunix which is simply distribution of Linux system Os can be acquired absolutely free. You need to download the ISO record and melt away it using your favored DiscPerDigital video disc burning up software program or for those who have a sluggish connection to the internet but still want to try out the Main System you can order for a Compact disc from Ubuntu's webpage. Ie8 Linux system is accessible for Desktop, hosts and Notebook computer. Ubuntu Linux system qualified with an United kingdom centered firm Canonical Restricted. Therefore that you can now reuse, examine and change the rule which the code is free of charge and can be readily allocated or replicat ed. Ubuntu Linux was first released in the year 2004 October. After that Canonical does release a version after every six months and a LTS version (Long Time support) after two years. The LTS version was so called because Canonical will give support for this version for three years and five years for Server. The last LTS version was released in April 2010 and hence was called version 10.04. The naming convention is YY.MM. After six months in the month of October 10th 2010 the next version was launched by Canonical which was naturally 10.10. The next version will be probably 11.04 which should be released in the year 2011 in the month of April. Before proceeding with features and other important aspects let's see how to install Ubuntu Linux. Some may have conception installing Linux is very tough and you need an UNIX conception if you want to install Ubuntu. But things have changed over the years and now loading Linux is very easy. For Linux set up support, you can talk to a remote computer support service provider. The full installation is GUI based where a click of mouse is sufficient for things to be done quickly. Further if you are extremely happy with your existing Operating System and you don't want to remove it you can use the installation CD of Ubuntu Linux as a Live CD. This implies that you don't have to put in or generate partition for trying out Ie8 Red hat. Just start your personal machine by deciding on CDROM generate as initial boot unit and you will probably obtain a display wherever you may be offered possibilities of either to Try Ie8 A linux systemunix or Deploy Ie8. Decide on Ie8 only if you're certain and copied all your information. Otherwise simply click Test Ie8. Right away you will get the desktop computer with total list of computer software like Available Office, Chrome web browser, Video Gamer as well as other programs too.

Ask any website hosting reseller about the platform they use for providing web hosting services and immediately they will respond with the answer Linux. Linux has undoubtedly become the preferred option as an affordable reseller hosting plan and there are no prizes for guessing why. Linux is robust, strong, secure, reliable and absolutely affordable. Since it is open source, the Linux web hosting reseller doesnt need to worry about paying any kind of licensing fee.

Whats more the suite of benefits makes it an attractive deal for anyone venturing into reseller hosting business. After all the job of a reseller website hosting provider is to offer quality and secure web hosting plans to its customers. This type of website hosting providers buys in bulk web hosting space from big hosting companies and further redistributes the space to the other website owners.

Therefore, the utmost important factor in a website hosting resellers mind is not only the cost but also the quality and security of the service provided. Since, Linux is extremely compatible and secure, therefore, most of these Linux website hosting resellers prefer offering Linux web hosting as a service. Besides, being affordable, it is simple and secure and the reseller can easily provide complete technical support for this platform. Some of the benefits due to which resellers choose Linux include:

Open Source and Affordable:

Being open source software, Linux offers immense benefits because anyone can download it and one is not required to pay any kind of a licensing fee. Besides, the advantage that anyone can download Linux Operating System, it also gives the user the option to utilize other applications that are free of cost. Web designers get to download free of cost BSD, Red Hat and Debian with every edition of Linux. There is a host of other desktop and server applications such as DNS Server, File Server, Web Server and FTP that Linux allows free download.

Compatibility:

Compatibility is a major factor when using any kind of operating system, but in case Linux leads the pack because it is extremely compatible with most of the operating systems and software. A website based on Linux can easily be incorporated on other operating system including Windows. Linux is extremely flexible since it gives you the opportunity to easily convert a Linux based website into a Windows website. The Linux web hosting server can also easily incorporate various user requirements.

Stability and Simplicity:

In comparison to other platforms, Linux is known to be more secure and stable. Thats not all, it is also quite simple to use considering the process of setting up the Linux hosting account and uploading is quite easy.

Performance Oriented:

Kernel panic in Linux operating systems is the condition where system detects an error, out its scope. When the unrecoverable state is detected by Linux, the kernel code can possibly call the panic function of sys/system.h and in turn may yield you error messages, similar to:Linux Kernel panic: VFS: Unable to mount root fsKernel panic can result due to the bug in the call chain or may be due to the hardware faults or failure. When the system gets processor expectations which cant be handled with any means, kernel panic is an obvious symptom. Either the operating system or the hardware faults can become responsible for kernel panic to happen. However, attempting to read an invalid memory address can also create the problem which makes operating system inactive to do any operations. This unstable state is targeted to prevent further damage to the data and the system.Hardware failure such as of RAM or the ALU malfunctions are still easy to handle. But those pointing to the ha rd drive failure and hence risking data at the end need a definitive cure of Linux recovery service.To cure these issues, replace the failed hardware, but the conditions when you need to replace the hard drive, needs Linux recovery first. However, in the other issues like operating system problems, you can use mkinitrd script which constructs a directory structure, acting as an initrd root file system. This will benefit you kernel module to load.At the worst case, the operating system reinstallation may be needed. Surely, the cure is efficient but as the formatting result, this will delete all the data, placed in the primary volume of hard drive.Data recovery Linux in any of the case, either from the failed or the formatted hard drive requires a prominent way out. Data worth and any risk imply that you are playing with the business existence itself. Send your failed hard drive to the Linux recovery company or use Linux data recovery software when some software problem is th ere.At Stellar Information Systems Limited, you would find the splendid data recovery Linux solutions. Expert technicians of Stellar put their maximum efforts in bringing the lost data back through Class 100 Clean Rooms.On the other hand, Stellar Phoenix Linux Data Recovery software cures all the logical data loss problems with the superb scanning algorithms and eases the users with the interactive interface. This Linux recovery product is compatible with Ext2, Ext3 and Reiser FS file systems.

The most common used operating system is Linux and Windows. There lots reason why both are accepted more by the IT industry and customers for web hosting. Linux is just similar to the UNIX but just operative, operative with operative, just the skills. The differences between the Linux and Windows operating system are:

The first difference between the Linux and Windows Web hosting delhi operating system is both are accessed by the end users. Both the Linux and Windows provide FTP access to your files for uploading and downloading the files, but only Linux will generally provide telnet or SSH access. File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a means of transferring on Windows. SSH and Telnet are a means to open a window on the Web server and manipulate files right there and accessing option without any interruptions through the UNIX command line commands.

Both the Linux and Window server have ability to server HTML and JavaScript, in which Linux servers type the pages with the extension.html and Windows servers the pages with the extension.htm and no difference lies in between the two extensions of the pages naturally. But it recommended by the technical experts that the extension of.html is more cited with the windows server. This service is also offered by the Linux servers which offer this service as well.

Databases

It is often that if you want to host a dynamic website then on the serve machine you need a database which you need provide all manipulation and regular updating of the data and served to the end user as expected to receive. The two most popular database applications is hosted on the server are mySQL and Access. MySQL runs on both Widows and Linux, but is more often found on Linux servers.

For Web hosting India one of the most significant to see is security, as it is the most vital for any web hosted company to keep safe their data. It is quoted by the people that the windows servers have more susceptibility in comparison to Linux Web hosting delhi operating system. But the truth is that both having security problems with them. Security is more significant as per level of administrator level than the next level security is operating system. If you have good administrators, your server will be more secure - regardless of OS.

The difference among the operating system in between Windows and Linux operating system is not so much importance. To choose a web server hosting operating system is depends on your requirement and budget for it as there difference between the hosting charges of both Web hosting delhi server.

When you try to shut down your Kubuntu Linux system, using KDE (K Desktop Environment), KDE seems to shut down your computer without any issue, but then your screen becomes black and your system freezes without showing any error messages and getting towards shut down. In this case, you have to press reset button and do hard reboot. KDE is a free desktop environment for Linux computers. The objective of this software is to give basic desktop features for daily needs of users as well as documentation and tools for developers to design stand alone applications for their systems. After this behavior, when you restart your computer, you have to use fsck command for checking hard drive. It can recognize various errors related to file system and other disk data structures. After this problem, you might experience two types of behavior, depending upon the effects of a hard reboot and severity of damage: All the system settings may get lost with basic ones like desktp wallpaper, s tyles and taskbar layout. You may also lose other things like Kmail accounts, Kaddress book, Kopete settings, Amarok settings and sometimes your KDE Wallet (tool to store passwords on KDE system) gets corrupted. fsck cant fix the errors and your system does not boot up. You can not access data from your hard drive and thus encounter the daunting situations of data loss. In case of data loss, you need to opt for linux data recovery to save your critical data. In such scenarios, Linux Data Recovery is possible through Linux Recovery software. Linux Recovery software are specifically designed to scan your hard drive, locate the lost, missing or inaccessible data and recover it. You can easily use these software without any prior sound technical knowledge. Stellar Phoenix Linux Data Recovery is the most comprehensive and commandinglinux recovery tool that ensures efficient Data Recovery Linux in all cases of data loss. It supports recovery from Ext2, Ext3 and ReiserFS file syst em based Linux volumes. It is compatible with most of the Linux distributions including Kubuntu.

When it comes to web hosting the majority of people in the world are clueless. In fact, nearly half of the people in the world who operate a website cant even tell you what type of web hosting server that they use. However, they can typically tell you problems they have experienced with trying to implement new features to their website using software such as PHP, Python, and XML.

Linux hosting is by and far the most popular form of web hosting server software in the world. Linux hosting puts you in total control of your website. This form of web hosting is stationed on the Linux Operating System. This is an open-source hosting service that resembles the Unix Operating System. The majority of companies in the world and web design professionals prefer Linux hosting due to its capabilities.

With Linux hosting there are several open source programs that operate at a higher speed and with better agility. These programs include but are not limited to PHP, File Manager, MySQL, Python, XML, FrontPage Extensions, and above all else total account management. The use of these programs in an efficient manner is one of the main reasons why Linux hosting is so popular.

If you are considering starting a website for personal use or for the creation of a website, you should highly consider seeking a Linux hosting package that includes free domain registration. These days you should never have to pay for the cost of a domain if you are purchasing a Linux hosting package. Nearly 90% of all Linux hosting companies offer free domain registration as part of their normal packages.

One of the leading Linux hosting companies in the world is Wholesale Web Hosting And Web Design Services, or WSWHS for short. WSWHS is a leader in the industry when it comes to Linux hosting and free domain name registration. Nearly every major package they offer features a free domain by default. Additionally, WSWHS is one of the most reliable and reputable hosting companies in the world. They have a proven track record that has produced excellent results for thousands of companies throughout the world when it comes to web hosting.

If you are looking for a free domain and reliable hosting that has nearly a 98% uptime, you should look no further than WSWHS. Additionally, they are one of the most affordable and well recognized technological companies in the industry. They provide excellent resources and give you absolute control of your web presence. You can implement an entire website built in PHP with no problems at all and can use multiple FrontPage Extensions to further the functionality of your website.

Free domain name registration and Linux hosting are an absolute necessity if you truly want to make an impression with your website. Additionally, the use of Linux hosting will allow you to add additional features to your website that you would be unable to accomplish with other web hosting packages on the market.

The native partition type code used by a Linux hard drive is 0x83 irrespective of the file system (ext2, ext3, reiserfs etc.). When you partition your hard drive using fdisk or any other utility, it often consists of two partitions: a root directory partition (denoted as '/') and a swap partition. A partition table is the index table that references all Linux hard drive partitions. So, if this table gets corrupt, the system couldn't locate and thus access the partitions. In such situations, you need to use your recent data backup and restore lost information from it. However, if data backup is non-existent, invalid or not updated, Linux Data Recovery tools can be used to scan the affected hard drive.Consider a scenario, you start your Linux system and it displays the following error message:"The partition table on device was unreadable"CauseThe partition table is corrupted or damaged. It can get corrupt due to unexpected shutdown, incorrect installation of updates, improp er use of terminal commands, erroneous use of disk partitioning utilities, partition resizing and other similar causes.SolutionTo correct this issue, you need to carry out these steps:You need to ensure that at least one of the partitions has been marked as ActiveIf you can boot the operating system, you should immediately backup all the important dataNext, you need to delete all the existing partitions and then recreate them. To accomplish the same, you can use fdisk or any other disk partitioning utilityRepartitioning the hard disk erases all the previously stored data. So, you need to use your recent data backup to restore it. If the data backup is not present or up to the mark, you need to scan your hard drive usingLinux Recovery tools to extract the lost data.Linux Data Recovery applications incorporate advanced scanning procedures to recover and restore the lost data. With elf-explanatory interface, these utilities provide easy recovery. In addition, these recovery sof tware are read-only tools and hence they don't perform any write operation. You can use these tools in any logical data loss case. Stellar Phoenix Linux Data Recovery is efficient Linux Recovery tool. The software supports advanced recovery features and provides effective recovery results. It is a read-only tool that supports Ext2, Ext3 and ReiserFS file systems. This Linux Data Recovery tools is compatible with almost all Linux distributions like Gentoo, Turbo Linux, SlackWare, SUSE etc.

Root device refers to the device from which a Linux system boots from. While booting if you are getting errors that system cannot access or open the root device, you might need to install a fresh copy of operating system. Thus, you are always suggested to maintain a good data backup of all valuable information you have stored. In such situations, you probably loose data and if backup fails to restore, you will need to use Linux Data Recovery software to scan and restore the data.You might receive the similar error message while attempting to boot your system: "Cannot open root device "nnn" or unknown-block(maj,min) Please append a correct "root=" boot option"Where, 'nnn' represents the name of device and 'maj,min' is the address value of block. You cannot boot your system after you receive this error message.CauseSome of the possible reasons for this error message to occur are:* Incorrect entry in grub.conf file* Incorrectl configured kernel* SCSI controller or IDE chipset support is either not compiled or is compiled as a module instead of initrd* File system support is either not compiled or is compiled as a module instead of initrd* If you have recently installed the system, then the odds are that you haven't edited /etc/fstab file while installing. fstab is the file referenced by Linux to determine available disks and disk partitions and is most commonly used by mount command.SolutionTo solve such issues, you need to boot your affected system using Linux Live CD and check and reset the faulty parameters that are preventing your Linux system from booting. If this doesn't help, you should reformat and reinstall the system as the last resort. You can then restore your lost data from the most recent data backup you have. But backup availability is not must in each case. In such situations, you are recommended to use Linux Recovery software. Linux Data Recovery applications are advanced applications that are specifically designed to scan a lo gically crashed drive. After a thorough scan, they restore lost data at a safe location, without harming actual data.Stellar Phoenix Linux Data Recovery is a powerful Data Recovery Linux software that supports Ext2, Ext3 and ReiserFS file systems. It is a non-destructive tool with rich user interface and advanced recovery abilities. It natively supports all Linux distributions like Red Hat, Turbo Linux, SlackWare, Caldera, Sorcerer, SUSE etc.

Partitioning a Linux based hard drive means dividing it into many logical drives, each of which is considered as an independent disk. Linux supports different disk partitioning software such as cfdisk (curses based version of fdisk), parted (GNU partition editor), sfdisk (command line version of fdisk) and of course the basic one, fdisk. At times you encounter errors that force you to remove all the existing partitions. In such situations, it becomes essential that you use your recent data backup and restore the lost information. But sometimes, you find that your backup is not as productive that could offer complete data restoration results. Thus, to overcome such situations, you need to use Linux Recovery tools. While trying to execute cfdisk as root to perform tasks like formatting the partition, you get the similar error message on screen:"FATAL ERROR: Bad primary partition : Partition ends in the final partial cylinder"* cfdisk is an improved curses based version o fdi sk. This Linux partition editor is a part of util-linux package included in Linux utility programs. CauseThe above error message occurs if the existing partitions are not in correct layout. cfdisk gives this error message when it detects hard drive partitions in bad order or overlapped. Solution To fix the above issue, you should correct the present disk layout. You can perform this by removing all the existing partitions and creating new ones. To do so, use any of these methods:* Try using cfdisk -z /dev/device command* Make use of disk partitioning utilities like fdisk, gparted etc. You may fail to repartition the hard drive using cfdisk as it prompts errors until it finds issues with disk layout. Using any of the methods, described above, all the data that exists on disk gets deleted. Therefore, to restore the lost information, you should check your data backup status and restore from it. If backup cannot give the required results, scan your disk using Linux Data Recovery applications. Linux Recovery software are specifically designed tools to locate the missing information and restore it safely. In addition, you find these products with interactive interface equipped with rich graphic tools. Stellar Phoenix Linux Data Recovery is the finest Linux Recovery utility. It incorporates powerful scanning algorithms, read-only design, intuitive interface and advanced features. It supports data recovery for Ext2, Ext3 and ReiserFS file systems. It is compatible with most of the Linux distributions- Red Hat, SUSE, Caldera, Mandrake, TurboLinux, Slackware, Gentoo etc.

LILO (LInux LOader) is the standard boot loader used for Linux systems. When you start a LILO installed system, it undergoes two major stages to boot successfully: first stage (in boot sector) and second stage (in /boot/boot.b file). LILO finds all the required sector addresses in a map file called /boot/map, which is created when you install LILO. With the success of each stage while booting a LILO installed system, it displays a letter. It implies if it is displaying complete word-LILO, the boot process is successful. If the process encounters any discrepancies, it will halt displaying an error on screen. In critical situations, you might need to reformat the drive and use your recent data backup or Linux Recovery tools to restore lost data. As an instance, when you start a Linux-based system, it might the letter 'L", followed by a 2-digit error code. The error code could be 01, 07, 0C etc. CauseA Linux system displays the letter 'L' when the first-stage boot loader load s successully but it cannot continue to load second stage boot loader. The general causes for such errors to occur are bad parameters in BIOS, geometry mismatch, LILO corruption and media failure issues. However, to determine the exact cause, you should refer to the 2-digit error code following the letter 'L'. SolutionTo troubleshoot such problems, you can try performing steps like:* If LILO is corrupted, remove and reinstall it. To remove LILO, use this command:lilo -u /dev/hdaFor reinstalling LILO, run LILO command as root. * You can try specifying linear option at the top of /etc/lilo.conf file.* You should check your BIOS setting to make sure that the specified hard disk geometry matches with that of your hard drive. You can use the following command to get the hard drive geometry details:hdparm -g /dev/hda* Try putting LILO on a different partition and making it bootable by using fdsik. * Run fsck, hard drive might be corrupted. Reforat the hard drive if fsck doesn't re solve the issue. You will need to use your backup to restore lost information the hard drive or use Data Recovery Linux tools after reformatting. Designed with powerful Linux Recovery algorithms, these utilities serve as safe products to recover lost data. Stellar Phoenix Linux Data Recovery is a comprehensive tool to recover lost data. It supports Ext2, Ext3 and Reiser FS file systems. With advanced options like RAW File Recovery, Disk Imaging, File Filter etc., it is a user-friendly application. This Data Recovery Linux tool is compatible with almost all Linux distributions like SUSE, Red Hat, SlackWare, Turbo Linux, Gentoo etc.

Will Windows 8 block users from dual-booting Linux? Microsoft won't say

Some are concerned that Microsoft's coming Windows 8 secure-boot technologies and policies could result in users being unable to dual-boot Linux alongside Windows 8. Microsoft officials aren't commenting on whether the worries are unfounded or grounded.

There's a report circulating -- originating with a Red Hat employee -- that says Microsoft's new secure-boot functionality in Windows 8 could preclude users from running both Windows and Linux on their PCs.

True or false? Well-grounded or unfounded? Microsoft execs will not comment -- which is leading many to assume it's true.

Matthew Garrett, a power management and mobile Linux developer at Red Hat, blogged about the possible lock-out scenario on September 20. He explained how the Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) technology and Microsoft's secure-boot plans -- outlined in a new blog post on the "Building Windows 8 blog this week -- potentially could thwart those who want to dual boot Linux and Windows 8 on their Windows 8 machines.

Garrett's conclusion: "It's probably not worth panicking yet. But it is worth being concerned."

Microsoft officials have said -- via a UEFI session at the company's recent Build conference, along with the aforementioned blog post -- all that they are going to say on the topic.

Here's what Microsoft has said, re: its secure boot plans for Windows 8. These tidbits are from the previously mentioned Build session on UEFI:

All firmware and software in the boot process must be signed by a trusted Certificate Authority (CA)Required for Windows 8 clientDoes not require a Trusted Platform Module (TPM)Reduces the likelihood of bootkits, rootkits and ransomwareAnother slide from the same talk:

Garrett's interpretation of Microsoft's shared information on the topic:

"Microsoft requires that machines conforming to the Windows 8 logo program and running a client version of Windows 8 ship with secure boot enabled. The two alternatives here are for Windows to be signed with a Microsoft key and for the public part of that key to be included with all systems, or alternatively for each OEM to include their own key and sign the pre-installed versions of Windows. The second approach would make it impossible to run boxed copies of Windows on Windows logo hardware, and also impossible to install new versions of Windows unless your OEM provided a new signed copy. The former seems more likely.

"A system that ships with only OEM and Microsoft keys will not boot a generic copy of Linux."

I can't resist a rant here: The Windows team's decision not to comment on this report is an example of the new communication strategy that Microsoft seems to be instituting with Windows 8: Clarification on any Windows 8 topic -- not only features and policies that are still unannounced, but also those that already have been disclosed publicly -- apparently will not be provided by anyone from Microsoft in an official capacity. The result: An increasing amount of misinformation about Windows 8 is circulating, and Microsoft is doing little or nothing to correct it.

I understand Microsoft's increased desire for secrecy around its Windows plans, somethingcompany officials began pushing post-Vista. (I haven't always agreed with the goal, especially when it results in FUD for customers attempting to make rational buying decisions or OEM/ISV partners attempting to build products that work with Windows.) But allowing wrong information to go unchecked in the name of wanting to control the message and the way it is delivered seems like bad business to me.

Back on topic: Does anyone out there have any more to share (in an official capacity or not) about whether you think the new Windows 8 secure boot technologies and policies will block users from dual-booting Linux? Ars Technica's take: "Ultimately, the Windows 8 changes aren't likely to wipe out Linux dual-boot scenarios, but they could restrict the types of hardware that will allow them." Other opinions?

Read more: /battery-technology/what-windows-8-must-bring-the-big-windows-8-tablet-challenge/

Ever wondered how does a website operate? By simply typing a name, how does a user land on a website? This phenomenon is accomplished by taking a Web Hosting service. It is a service by which users get to publish their websites on the internet. The companies that offer this service basically allocate certain space on their servers to website owners. Still not sure what exactly this service is? Let us go ahead and find out what this service is and how to go about choosing a reliable hosting service provider.

Web Hosting is a service that allows a user to publish his website on the web. Web Hosting is a service that allows a user to publish his website on the web. Web hosts basically provide some space on web servers to users. These servers can be defined as powerful computers that are constantly connected to internet. Now the question arises how to go about selecting a web host? It is one of the most crucial concerns a user has. Choosing a web host can be very trickier at times, as there are number of companies that provide hosting services. The user is first advised to find out his hosting requirements. He should always do some research before zeroing on one service provider. Things that a user must look for in a reliable web host are:

Reputation and Reliability Uptime Guarantee Speed Technical Support Customer Service

Windows and Linux are two operating systems that are used hosting a website. As the names suggest Windows Hosting is achieved using a windows operating system, while Linux Hosting is attained via a Linux operating system. Both these hosting plans come with different set of advantages that make them different from one another. As there are several hosting companies in operation, most of them offer Linux as well as Windows Hosting plans. Windows is mostly used for websites that use various windows applications. It is comparatively costlier than Linux Hosting as it has certain licensing costs attached with it. Windows is the most extensively used operating system and is the preferred choice all starters. Linux operating system, which is an open source platform, is known to be much more user-friendly and secure. This operating system can also be upgraded very easily.

Java Hosting is also among the most popular and powerful hosting option for users. It is considered an ideal alternative for users who are seeking to launch a JSP-coded website and among web designers.

Principle DMA is an essential feature of all modern computers, as it allows devices to transfer data without subjecting the CPU to a heavy overhead. Otherwise, the CPU would have to copy each piece of data from the source to the destination, making itself unavailable for other tasks. This situation is aggravated because access to I/O devices over a peripheral bus is generally slower than normal system RAM. With DMA, the CPU gets freed from this overhead and can do useful tasks during data transfer (though the CPU bus would be partly blocked by DMA). In the same way, a DMA engine in an embedded processor allows its processing element to issue a data transfer and carries on its own task while the data transfer is being performed. A DMA transfer copies a block of memory from one device to another. While the CPU initiates the transfer by issuing a DMA command, it does not execute it. For so-called "third party" DMA, as is normally used with the ISA bus, the transfer is perform ed by a DMA controller which is typically part of the motherboard chipset. More advanced bus designs such as PCI typically use bus mastering DMA, where the device takes control of the bus and performs the transfer itself. In an embedded processor or multiprocessor system-on-chip, it is a DMA engine connected to the on-chip bus that actually administers the transfer of the data, in coordination with the flow control mechanisms of the on-chip bus. A typical usage of DMA is copying a block of memory from system RAM to or from a buffer on the device. Such an operation usually does not stall the processor, which as a result can be scheduled to perform other tasks unless those tasks include a read from or write to memory. DMA is essential to high performance embedded systems. It is also essential in providing so-called zero-copy implementations of peripheral device drivers as well as functionalities such as network packet routing, audio playback and streaming video. Multicore embe dded processors (in the form of multiprocessor system-on-chip) often use one or more DMA engines in combination with scratchpad memories for both increased efficiency and lower power consumption. In computer clusters for high-performance computing, DMA among multiple computing nodes is often used under the name of remote DMA. Cache coherency problem DMA can lead to cache coherency problems. Imagine a CPU equipped with a cache and an external memory that can be accessed directly by devices using DMA. When the CPU accesses location X in the memory, the current value will be stored in the cache. Subsequent operations on X will update the cached copy of X, but not the external memory version of X. If the cache is not flushed to the memory before the next time a device tries to access X, the device will receive a stale value of X. Similarly, if the cached copy of X is not invalidated when a device writes a new value to the memory, then the CPU will operate on a stale value of X. This issue can be addressed in one of two ways in system design: Cache-coherent systems implement a method in hardware whereby external writes are signaled to the cache controller which then performs a cache invalidation for DMA writes or cache flush for DMA reads. Non-coherent systems leave this to software, where the OS must then ensure that the cache lines are flushed before an outgoing DMA transfer is started and invalidated before a memory range affected by an incoming DMA transfer is accessed. The OS must make sure that the memory range is not accessed by any running threads in the meantime. The latter approach introduces some overhead to the DMA operation, as most hardware requires a loop to invalidate each cache line individually. Hybrids also exist, where the secondary L2 cache is coherent while the L1 cache (typically on-CPU) is managed by software. DMA engine In addition to hardware interaction, DMA can also be used to offload expensive memory operations, such as large copies or scatter-gather operations, from the CPU to a dedicated DMA engine. Examples ISA For example, a PC's ISA DMA[Direct memory access] controller is based on the Intel 8237 Multimode DMA controller, that is a software-hardware combination which either consists of or emulates this part. In the original IBM PC, there was only one DMA controller capable of providing four DMA channels (numbered 0-3). These DMA channels performed 8-bit transfers and could only address the first megabyte of RAM. With the IBM PC/AT, a second 8237 DMA controller, was added (channels 5-7; channel 4 is unusable), and the page register was rewired to address the full 16 MB memory address space of the 80286 CPU. This second controller performed 16-bit transfers. Due to their lagging performance (2.5 Mbit/s), these devices have been largely obsolete since the advent of the 80386 processor and its capacity for 32-bit transfers. They are still supported to the extent they are required to support built-in legacy PC hardware on modern machines. Each DMA channel has a 16-bit address register and a 16-bit count register associated with it. To initiate a data transfer the device driver sets up the DMA channel's address and count registers together with the direction of the data transfer, read or write. It then instructs the DMA hardware to begin the transfer. When the transfer is complete, the device interrupts the CPU. Scatter-gather DMA allows the transfer of data to and from multiple memory areas in a single DMA transaction. It is equivalent to the chaining together of multiple simple DMA requests. The motivation is to off-load multiple input/output interrupt and data copy tasks from the CPU. DRQ stands for DMA request; DACK for DMA acknowledge. These symbols, seen on hardware schematics of computer systems with DMA functionality, represent electronic signaling lines between the CPU and DMA controller. Each DMA channel has one Request and one Acknowledge line. A prop erly configured device that uses DMA must be jumpered (or software-configured) to use both lines of the assigned DMA channel. Standard ISA DMA assignments: 0 DRAM Refresh (obsolete), 1 User hardware, 2 Floppy disk controller, 3 Hard disk (obsoleted by PIO modes, and replaced by UDMA modes), 4 Cascade from XT DMA controller, 5 Hard Disk (PS/2 only), user hardware for all others, 6 User hardware, 7 User hardware. PCI As mentioned above, a PCI architecture has no central DMA controller, unlike ISA. Instead, any PCI component can request control of the bus ("become the bus master") and request to read and write from the system memory. More precisely, a PCI component requests bus ownership from the PCI bus controller (usually the southbridge in a modern PC design), which will arbitrate if several devices request bus ownership simultaneously, since there can only be one bus master at one time. When the component is granted ownership, it will issue normal read and write commands on the PCI bus, which will be claimed by the bus controller and forwarded to the memory controller using a scheme which is specific to every chipset. As an example, on a modern AMD Socket AM2-based PC, the southbridge will forward the transactions to the northbridge (which is integrated on the CPU die) using HyperTransport, which will in turn convert them to DDR2 operations and send them out on the DDR2 memory bus. As can be seen, there are quite a number of steps involved in a PCI DMA transfer; however, that poses little problem, since the PCI device or PCI bus itself are an order of magnitude slower than rest of components (see list of device bandwidths). A modern x86 CPU may use more than 4 GB of memory, utilizing PAE, a 36-bit addressing mode. In such a case, a device using DMA with a 32-bit address bus is unable to address memory above the 4 GB line. The new Double Address Cycle (DAC) mechanism, if implemented on both the PCI bus and the device itself, enables 64-bit DMA addressing. Otherwise, the operating system would need to work around the problem by either using costly double buffers (Windows nomenclature) also known as bounce buffers (Linux), or it could use an IOMMU to provide address translation services if one is present. PCI-Express PCI Express uses DMA. The DMA engine appears as another function on the upstream post with a TYPE 0 configuration header. IO Accelerator in Xeon As an example of DMA engine incorporated in a general-purpose CPU, newer Intel Xeon chipsets include a DMA engine technology called I/O Acceleration Technology (I/OAT), meant to improve network performance on high-throughput network interfaces, in particular gigabit Ethernet and faster. However, various benchmarks with this approach by Intel's Linux kernel developer Andrew Grover indicate no more than 10% improvement in CPU utilization with receiving workloads, and no improvement when transmitting data. AHB In systems-on-a-chip and embedded systems, typical sys tem bus infrastructure is a complex on-chip bus such as AMBA High-performance Bus. AMBA defines two kinds of AHB components: master and slave. A slave interface is similar to programmed I/O through which the software (running on embedded CPU, e.g. ARM) can write/read I/O registers or (less commonly) local memory blocks inside the device. A master interface can be used by the device to perform DMA transactions to/from system memory without heavily loading the CPU. Therefore high bandwidth devices such as network controllers that need to transfer huge amounts of data to/from system memory will have two interface adapters to the AHB bus: a master and a slave interface. This is because on-chip buses like AHB do not support tri-stating the bus or alternating the direction of any line on the bus. Like PCI, no central DMA controller is required since the DMA is bus-mastering, but an arbiter is required in case of multiple masters present on the system. Internally, a multichannel DM A engine is usually present in the device to perform multiple concurrent scatter-gather operations as programmed by the software. Cell As an example usage of DMA in a multiprocessor-system-on-chip, IBM/Sony/Toshiba's Cell processor incorporates a DMA engine for each of its 9 processing elements including one power-processor element (PPE) and eight synergistic processor elements (SPEs). Since the SPE's load/store instructions can read/write only its own local memory, an SPE entirely depends on DMAs to transfer data to and from the main memory and local memories of other SPEs. Thus the DMA acts as a primary means of data transfer among cores inside this CPU (in contrast to cache-coherent CMP architectures such as Intel's coming general-purpose GPU, Larrabee). DMA in Cell is fully cache coherent (note however local stores of SPEs operated upon by DMA do not act as globally coherent cache in the standard sense). In both read ("get") and write ("put"), a DMA command can transfer either a single block area of size up to 16KB, or a list of 2 to 2048 such blocks. The DMA command is issued by specifying a pair of a local address and a remote address: for example when a SPE program issues a put DMA command, it specifies an address of its own local memory as the source and a virtual memory address (pointing to either the main memory or the local memory of another SPE) as the target, together with a block size. According to a recent experiment, an effective peak performance of DMA in Cell (3 GHz, under uniform traffic) reaches 200GB per second. See also Remote Direct Memory Access Blitter AT Attachment References ^ Intel publication 03040, Aug 1989 ^ "Physical Address Extension - PAE Memory and Windows". Microsoft Windows Hardware Development Central. 2005. /whdc/system/platform/server/PAE/PAEdrv.mspx#E2D. Retrieved 2008-04-07. ^ Corbet, Jonathan (2005-12-06). "Memory copies in hardware". LWN.net (December 8, 2005). /Articles/162966/. Retrieved 2006-11-12. ^ Grover, Andrew (2006-06-01). "I/OAT on LinuxNet wiki". Overview of I/OAT on Linux, with links to several benchmarks. /index.php/I/OAT. Retrieved 2006-12-12. ^ Kistler, Michael (2006-05). "Cell Multiprocessor Communication Network". Extensive benchmarks of DMA performance in Cell Broadband Engine. /citation.cfm?id=1158825.1159067. DMA Fundamentals on Various PC Platforms, from A. F. Harvey and Data Acquisition Division Staff NATIONAL INSTRUMENTS mmap() and DMA, from Linux Device Drivers, 2nd Edition, Alessandro Rubini & Jonathan Corbet Memory Mapping and DMA, from Linux Device Drivers, 3rd Edition, Jonathan Corbet, Alessandro Rubini, Greg Kroah-Hartman DMA and Interrupt Handling DMA Modes & Bus Mastering v d e Computer bus & interconnection standards (wired) Main articles Front-side bus Back-side bus Daisy chain Control bus Address bus Bus contention Electrical bus List of bus bandwidths Computer bus standards (desktop) S-100 bus MBus SMBus Q-Bus ISA Zorro II Zorro III CAM AC FASTBUS LPC HP Precision Bus EISA VME VXI NuBus TURBOchannel MCA SBus VLB PCI PXI HP GSC bus CoreConnect InfiniBand UPA PCI-X AGP PCI Express Intel QuickPath Interconnect HyperTransport more... Computer bus standards (portable) PC Card ExpressCard Storage bus standards ST-506 ESDI SMD Parallel ATA DMA SSA HIPPI USB MSC FireWire (1394) Serial ATA eSATA SCSI Parallel SCSI Serial Attached SCSI Fibre Channel iSCSI Peripheral bus standards Multidrop bus Apple Desktop Bus HIL MIDI Multibus RS-232 (serial port) DMX512-A EIA/RS-422 IEEE-1284 (parallel port) UNI/O 1-Wire IC SPI EIA/RS-485 Parallel SCSI USB FireWire (1394) Fibre Channel Camera Link External PCI Express x16 Light Peak Vehicle buses LIN J1708 J1587 FMS J1939 CAN VAN FlexRay MOST Note: interfaces are listed in speed ascending order (roughly), the interface at the end of each section should be the fastest Categories: Computer memory | Motherboard

Test :Enterprise Linux System AdministrationExam Number: 1z0-403Duration: 120 minsNumber of Questions: 113Passing Score: 62%

Exam TopicsInstalling Enterprise Linux Install Enterprise Linux on any supported architecture.Create partitions, software RAID and LVM storage configurations.Select Packages for Installation.PC Hardware & LinuxGet detailed information about all PCI & USB devices that are connected to a Linux systemIdentify, load, unload and configure kernel modulesTune the running kernel using the /proc/ filesystemPost-Install System Configuration Set and maintain the system clock with date, hwclock and NTPInstall, update and remove RPM packages with the rpm & yum commandsConfigure printers with CUPSCreate and use Kickstart files for automated, hands-off installationsTestinside 1z0-403 exam study materials includes 1z0-403 braindumps, 1z0-403 study guide, 1z0-403 practice exam,Oracle free 1z0-403 demo and much more which will not only enhance your abilities to cope with the problems but you will also be able to manage online real time problems.An authentic and comprehensive 1z0-403 exam so lution is available at Testinside.

Exam : Oracle 1z0-403Title : Enterprise Linux System Administration1. You have bound your system to the Network Information Service (NIS) domain ORACLE and all client-side configurations are done. The users report a problem that they are not able to log in through NIS accounts, whereas local users are successfully authenticated, after the system reboots. As a Linux administrator, you executed the nisdomainname command and you get the output "(none)", and no traces of yp are found in the /var/log/messages file. What would you do to resolve this error? (Choose all that apply.)A. Re-create the NIS domain on the server that runs the NIS domain ORACLE.B. Restart the ypserv service on the server that runs the NIS domain ORACLE.C. Restart the network service on the server that runs the NIS domain ORACLE.D. Use the chkconfig command to set the ypbind service to be on at the desired runlevels.E. Use the ntsysv command to select the ypbind service to be automatically started with th edesired runlevels.Answer: DE2. You want to load the main kernel module for USB support. Which command would help youachieve this task?A. modprobe usbhidB. modprobe usbcoreC. modprobe uhci-hcdD. modprobe ehci-ocdAnswer: B3. Which two statements are true about a kernel patch? (Choose two.)A. Patches are always the part of a released kernel tree.B. After applying a patch, it is important to remove the kernel sources of earlier versions.C. After applying a patch, it is important to make sure that the entire kernel configuration andMakefiles are cleaned up.D. If patches are not built from clean unpatched kernel sources, then a change in one patch maymake other patches to fail.Answer: CD

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Test :Enterprise Linux System AdministrationExam TopicsInstalling Enterprise Linux Install Enterprise Linux on any supported architecture.Create partitions, software RAID and LVM storage configurations.Select Packages for Installation.PC Hardware & LinuxGet detailed information about all PCI & USB devices that are connected to a Linux systemIdentify, load, unload and configure kernel modulesTune the running kernel using the /proc/ filesystemPost-Install System Configuration Set and maintain the system clock with date, hwclock and NTPInstall, update and remove RPM packages with the rpm & yum commandsConfigure printers with CUPSCreate and use Kickstart files for automated, hands-off installations

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Exam : Oracle 1z0-403Title : Enterprise Linux System Administration1. On an Oracle Enterprise Linux system, upon booting, you got an error message as shown in theExhibit. Which minimal steps would you take to fix this issue and boot the system successfully?(Choose all that apply.)A. Run e2fsck on root filesystem / after issuing the root password.B. Set Security Enhanced Linux (SELinux) on the system to permissive mode.C. Replace fs_freq and fs_passno in the /etc/fstab file with the value 0.D. Enter the root password and remount the root filesystem / in read/write mode.E. Identify the correct label for the root filesystem using the blkid or the e2label command.F. Change the LABEL=/1 entry with the original label of root filesystem / in the /etc/fstab file.Answer: DEF2. You want to load the main kernel module for USB support. Which command would help youachieve this task?A. modprobe usbhidB. modprobe usbcoreC. modprobe uhci-hcdD. modprobe ehci-ocdAnswer: B3. You have bound y our system to the Network Information Service (NIS) domain ORACLE and all client-sideconfigurations are done. The users report a problem that they are not able to log in through NIS accounts, whereaslocal users are successfully authenticated, after the system reboots. As a Linux administrator, you executed thenisdomainname command and you get the output "(none)", and no traces of yp are found in the /var/log/messagesfile. What would you do to resolve this error? (Choose all that apply.)A. Re-create the NIS domain on the server that runs the NIS domain ORACLE.B. Restart the ypserv service on the server that runs the NIS domain ORACLE.C. Restart the network service on the server that runs the NIS domain ORACLE.D. Use the chkconfig command to set the ypbind service to be on at the desired runlevels.E. Use the ntsysv command to select the ypbind service to be automatically started with thedesired runlevels.Answer: DE

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Software for mobile devices released Android treasure: an operating system for mobile applications and an important undertaking.

To take full advantage of the Android mobile applications from scratch to relieve the developers to create a common ground to facilitate mobile applications. Android has been developed based on an open Linux kernel. It is said that the exact application may be open, as the lone address all the major cell functions such as sending text messages, calls and using the camera, which gives developers the opportunity to create a much richer, more consistent user experience. Android will continue the success of the developer group of people working mutually to get closer to the pioneer of mobile phone applications.

Android does not show favoritism between the basic applications and mobile applications intermediatory. Equipment for the Android platform will have an equal right to the use of all hand-Mobile provides users with a comprehensive resource of all kinds of applications and services. Android is full of mold bases for mobile phones handset according to their areas of curiosity.

Android tutorial contains a prologue to build applications for Android, and clean up. This guidance on how to create, manufacture, launch and modify the source code for Android.

Android tutorial includes instructions on where to start from the development of applications for Android, the creation of the first Android Activity. This is useful for both Android tutorial for people experienced in Java, as well as inept at human development and Java development.

In particular, run Mobile G1 Android mobile phone platform is a hardware built by Google with High Tech Computer Corporation (HTCC). G1 Android Phone T-Mobile was debuted at the 2008th Coming to technical aspects, the Android phone operating system Android applications, and acts as a vital undertaking. Android is based on the Linux kernel consists of Java applications and can also operate in C language applications. Android phone has some industrial goods Open Phone Alliance, which promotes the practice and further enhancement of the open-source software.

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In September 2001, Google's web page the ratings were granted the United States using PageRank patent. The patent was formally presented to Stanford university, Lawrence as listed in brief inventor file.

In February 2003, Google took over the owner Pyra LABS, &to a dominant Weblog network services pioneer. It seems that the mission of contradiction. With Google However, this actually consolidate the company improve Google news release from the blog search speed and its search relevance of ability.

In early 2004 a peak period, through its web site and the customer website like yahoo, aol and CNN, Google to deal with the 80% on the world wide web search requests. Google's share fell in February 2004, because some give up Google search yahoo technology, decided to develop your own search engine it by yourself.

Google do standards of behaviour is to refuse evil things (No learning), and their sites often include a sense of humor of the features, such as their icon of choice in the specific time for the change in funny.

Many people speculated that Google for Yahoo! Reaction is borrowed from Orkut, Gmail and by Froogle collected personal information, Google the next step will introduce personalized search, in fact, in the Google site, a Google laboratory a personalized search test page.July 19, 2005, Google announced it will set up r&d center in China.

On dec. 20, 2005, Google company announced it spent $1 billion acquisition Internet service providers, "America online" 5% of the equity.

In October 2006, Google $1.65 billion takeover, video content sharing website YouTube, the most is Google a lot of mergers and acquisitions.October 29, 2007, Google company in China to the 265 network company with about $20 million for the price of the domain name "g. Cn", be the shortest in the history of domain name registration.

In November 2007, Google announced that of the open source platform based on Linux operating system for mobile phones the name of android.

On dec. 20, 2005, Google company announced it spent $1 billion acquisition Internet service providers, "America online" 5% of the equity.In October 2006, Google $1.65 billion takeover, video content sharing website YouTube, the most is Google a lot of mergers and acquisitions.October 29, 2007, Google company in China to the 265 network company with about $20 million for the price of the domain name "g. Cn", be the shortest in the history of domain name registration.

In November 2007, Google announced that of the open source platform based on Linux operating system for mobile phones the name of android.