Linux Community Magazine

Boot loaders such as GRUB (Grand Unified Bootloader), LILO (Linux Loader) etc. enable you to select to boot a particular operating system in multiboot or dual boot systems. After selecting the operating system (for example Linux), the booting process initially starts with the booting of Linux Kernel program. A Linux Kernel program is the central component of a computer operating system. It requires the corresponding drivers to access the device on which the file system is based. To avoid any conflict due to all imaginable drivers in the kernel, it uses initial ramdisk (intrd). The intrd is the temporary file system, which is mostly used for preparations before the real root file system can be mounted. Problems might occur when intrd gets loaded before Linux Kernel program. In such situations, the hard drive volume becomes un-mountable and the data saved in the hard drive becomes inaccessible. In such situations, you need to recover your data from the latest backup. In case , no backup is available or the backup is corrupted, you need to use efficient Linux Data Recovery applications to recover your lost data files.

Consider a practical example, when you attempt to boot Linux operating system, you encounter the below error message:

Must load Linux kernel before initrd

The above error message occurs each time you try to boot the Linux operating system on your computer. After the above error message appears, the data saved in the Linux volume becomes inaccessible.

Cause:The above error message mainly occurs when the intrd gets loaded before the Linux Kernel program.

Resolution:

To resolve the above error and access the data, you need to remove the intrd from your computer. However, if you still encounter an error, then only option left is to access the volume by reinstalling the Linux operating system. A clean reinstall of the operating system will erase all previously stored data in the hard drive. In such scenarios, you need to recover lost data by using effective Linux Data Recovery software. These advanced recovery applications incorporate high-end scanning methods to recover lost data from a logically corrupted hard drive.

Stellar Phoenix linux data recovery serves the purpose of providing reliable and easy Linux Data Recovery. This read only Linux Recovery software supports Ext2, Ext3 and ReiserFS file systems. It gets installed on Windows (Vista, XP, 2003 and 2000) and the affected Linux drive should be connected as slave.

How to Play Poker Online On Linux Using A Windows Poker Client?Have you ever thought about playing poker on your Linux machine? This is quite easy as you simply need to install proper packages like kpoker or sillypoker from your Linux distribution'sstore and you are done. However, if want to play poker online for real money, then this may not be as easy as it sounds.There are many MS Windows poker clients available on the internet but the problem is that none of them is a native poker client for a Linux operating system. A few of them just need a Java plugin installed in your browser but there are many online poker clients which you need to install on your Linux machine before playing. In this article, you will learn how to play poker online on Linux using Windows Poker Clients. To play poker online on linux using a windows poker client, you need to install a wine application. Wine is a software program through which you can run and install windows based poker clients on y our linux machine and play poker online easily. Here is what you need to do to test this method: Install wine application Install Windows based poker online client using wine Run Windows based poker online client using wineHow to Install Wine on Your Linux Computer? In case you are using Linux operating with a debian package management ( DEB ) like Debian or Ubuntu, you need to install wine using an apt-get command

# apt-get install wine

NOTE: apt-get will need root privileges! If you are using RedHat with redhat package management ( RPM ) and its follows up Fedora or CentOS, you need to install wine using an yum install command:# yum install wineNOTE: yum will need root privileges!

How to Install Windows Based Poker Client On Linux?

After installing and running the wine application, you need to download a windows based poker poker client like Poker Stars and install it using wine.NOTE: Do not run a following command as a root user. PokerStars application will be installed locally into your home directory as specified by a bash's $HOME environment variable.$ wine PokerStarsSetup.exeIf you are running wine for a first time, then it may ask you some questions. Otherwise, just install Poker Stars application normally as you would on Windows Operating System. Before running a Windows based poker client, you may need to run the wineboot utility to simulate a Windows reboot:$ winebootHow to Install Windows Based Poker Client On Linux?Now you can start a Windows based Poker client from your linux desktop menu. In case you dont see a shortcut to a Wine->PokerStars in your linux desktop menu, you can run this application using the following command:$ cd ~/.wine/drive_c/Program Filesthen find a PokerStars instal lation directory and executable file and run it using the following wine command:$ wine ~/.wine/drive_c/Program Files/PokerStars/PokerStars.exe

Important Note: Running a Windows based Poker Online Client successfully using wine is not guaranteed! There are many factors concerning the successful run of native MS Windows applications on the Linux operating system. If you fail to start your preferred online poker client on your Linux machine, then you must install the latest version of wine or a CrossOver Software which is a commercial version of wine.

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Laptops are everyday items for business, home, and study use. If you haven't ventured into purchasing one for yourself yet, do you feel confident enough to work out what type will best suit your needs? After all, they come in many different sizes, colors, and types, making it a challenging choice to find the "right one". This article is aimed at walking you through the key considerations prior to purchasing a laptop, to ensure that you end up with one that will serve your needs well.

Steps1) Consider whether a laptop has the advantages you're looking for. If you haven't had a laptop before, it can be a good idea to consider the possible benefits of owning one. When compared with a desktop, laptops have the following advantages (and disadvantages):You can take a laptop with you wherever you go, even abroad provided that you take a power adapter as well.Laptops are now more affordable and competitive in their pricing.Many laptops can do what we expect most desktops to do.Laptops save on space and are easy to move out of the way.There are a few negatives: Laptops are easy to steal if you forget to take care when traveling with them. Their battery life isn't extraordinarily long and can be frustrating if you want to work without electricity for a long period of time, such as on a plane or sitting at the shore near your vacation cottage. The average lifetime of laptops is also significantly lower than for desktop computers. If you plan on using your laptop exclusively, you will probably have to upgrade after two years. Due to the proprietary nature of laptop hardware, even something as silly as a broken mouse button or gummed up keyboard can't be fixed without mailing the laptop back to the manufacturer, usually at cost to you.2) Set your budget. It's important to know how much your budget is before you start looking or you might be swayed by long-term interest-free sweeteners to purchase something beyond your means. There is a large range of laptops available and setting a limit will ensure that you enjoy the laptop you can afford, without being prevented from upgrading later on because you're still paying off the old one! Decide what aspects are important to you and fit these within your budget:If you're only after a laptop that can cope with sending emails and browsing the internet, then you will be fine getting a netbook or laptop that doesn't cost a lot. A refurbished laptop with a good warranty is great for this purpose. If you're into playing games online, you'll need to spend more to get a faster graphics card. If online gaming is a hobby, you've probably already factored in this extra expense.3) Consider what Operating System (OS) you prefer: Linux, Mac OS or Windows. It is really up to your personal preference, but these are some important considerations:Go with what you know? If you're used to one OS it'll be 'easier' to continue with a familiar interface than give something new/fresh a chance. But don't let your first OS decide every subsequent OS and computer buy.Why stay with an OS that doesn't fit you? Some programs you may need/want are only available for your old OS but can be made to work through an emulator. Others can't. Your Mileage May Vary.If you are inexperienced with computers and will need help, buy the type of computer that helpful family members or friends know and will help you with. Otherwise you'll have to rely on call-center 'tech support'.Try out all three types in the store or friends computers. See what feels most innate and natural to your way of using a computer. Even within the same make, keyboards, track pads, etc., can feel very different under your personal touch.Give Linux a try. Some laptops can be purchased with Linux pre-installed. To try before making the purchase download a free live distro (distributed demo). It allows you to run your computer using a Linux operating system out without making any changes to the computer. Most Linux operating systems are free of charge as are thousands of programs and apps. A program named WINE lets you run many Windows software on Linux systems. You can install and run these applications just like you would in Windows. Wine is still under active development. Not every program works yet. However there are several million people using WINE to run their Windows software on Linux operating systems. Linux has virtually no threats from viruses. Linux is the perfect choice for children because the operating system is free, the programs are free, and there is virtually no threat of viruses. If the the kids mess the operating system up just reinstall the operating system and start over fresh. Linux Mint looks and works the most like Windows. Ubuntu Linux is the most popular.Macs cost more for relatively the same hardware/features. This is a big drawback if you're on a budget. On the plus side, they match well with iPhone, iPods, iPad, etc., they are also considered fairly easy to use for the less technically inclined, and have good support in Apple Stores. Read up the pros and cons of Mac ownership on relevant internet forums. Macs are also generally less prone to viruses, though they are not immune. Another thing about Macs is that if you still have Windows applications that you need, you can buy Windows emulation software and install it on your Mac, which will allow you to run Windows on your Mac. All recent Macs come with software like this, called BootCamp, but using it requires a restart to boot into Windows mode.Windows netbooks/laptops can be relatively reasonable, and there are many options from a number of manufacturers to fit virtually every need or want. Windows 7 includes the ability to connect to an in-built GPS device and has good power. However a lot depends on the manufacturer, so it's important to look at what each manufacturer offers in terms of price, features and support, and then to read reviews and other sources for information on how reliable the manufacturers' products are.4) Think about the size of notebook that will suit you best. There are three different size/weight ranges for a laptop: a netbook, a laptop, or desktop replacement. Although all of these fall into the broader concept of a "laptop", their end usability differs and can impact your choice. Here is a brief rundown of each:Netbook (also known as a mini notebook or an ultraportable) - with a portable small screen of 7"-13"/17.79cm-33.3cm. This has a compact size, is light in weight, and is usually suitable for emailing and browsing or light internet usage as their memory is small. Since netbooks tend not to have as much RAM as laptops, their ability to run sophisticated applications is limited. However, changes are occurring all the time, so always ask the retailer's advice.Laptop - with a screen of 13"-15"/33.3cm-38.1cm. This is of medium weight, is still thin and light, and is able to hold a lot of memory. The decisions to make about a laptop's capacity really come down to your own preference as to screen size, and the amount of RAM you think you'll need.Desktop replacement - screen of 17"-18"/43.8cm-45cm. This is larger and heavier, has full features, and tends to be bound for the desk rather than being lugged around in your backpack. While not as portable as the other two, however, it's still very mobile when needed and the added weight when carrying it isn't really a big issue for many people. If you're not sure about this size, weigh up your desk and portable needs, noting that it is possible that the desktop replacement will eventually do away with desktop computers altogether.5) Consider your durability needs. Decide on whether you'd prefer a metal or plastic exterior. Nowadays the choice of casing is mostly an issue of personal preference, as the weight of each outer-casing is fairly similar, with well-made metallic laptops being no heavier than plastic ones. In terms of durability, metallic casing is probably best for a laptop liable to get knocked around a bit but it's still best to ask your retailer for advice.If you are doing fieldwork or a lot of "rough travel" with a laptop, you might need customized extras to protect it. Ask for a stronger screen, shock mounting of internal components and "ruggedizing" of the whole laptop against water, spills, and drops.If you are a professional in the field and you really need it to last then there is a class of laptops called Toughbook s, which tend to be quite expensive, but you can run them over with a truck or bake them in the oven without damaging them.Most consumer model laptops in retail showrooms are not built for durability. Look for a corporate model laptop built from metal or composite materials if durability matters.

6)Know what to avoid. There are some laptop products you should avoid buying:Know the risks before you buy used, re-certified, or refurbished laptops. It is very important that the laptop comes with a good warranty and from a reputable dealer. Durable, corporate grade laptops can be a bargain when refurbished. The risk is that the laptop has been mistreated and is in poor condition. If the price is right, and especially if their is a one year warranty, then the risk may be negligible.Don't buy discounted floor stock laptops unless they come with a good warranty from a reputable dealer.[4] These can be several generations older than current models on full sale, and it's likely that they have been powered up all day every day, as well as being exposed to store dust, grimy fingers, and endless pressing and banging from bored kids or confused customers.7) Once you have your laptop, take good care of it. While it depends on the brand and type of laptop, a laptop that is cared f or well should last a good few years before you need to invest in another laptop.

Once you have designed the pages on your site, you have to search for asuitable hosting server depending on your website requirements. Webhosting is a process by which your website can be placed with a companyserver to display and maintain your site. The effective web presence isbuilt by using Windows or LinuxWeb Hosting.

Linux Web Hosting permits business corporations to design their websites on the Linux Operating System, which is an open-source variationof the Unix Operating System. Using this hosting for web developmentallows companies to control over the best and most popular inopen-source technologies such as PHP, MySQL, Python, and XML. Most ofthe Linux based web hosting alsoincludes control tools to allow easy management of sites via the webbased technology.

Linux is inclusively an operating system, which operates on a widevariety of hardware, ranging from Intel and AMD CPUs to hardware suchas Digital Alpha computers, PowerPCs, and Silicon Graphicsworkstations. Moreover the most unique characteristic of Linux isthat it is freely shareable.

Linux Web Hosting alsooffers tools like the Gateway Defender anti-spam and anti-virus serviceto help you to remove electronic message threats and avoid theirpossible damaging effects. Gateway Defender tool is your bestprotection against spam and viruses. The Linux Web Hosting is asingle-source solution for all of your website hosting needs.

The shared Linux web hosting is the best principle of users who arelooking for reasonable hosting options for smaller sites. With sharedhosting the resources of your server such as CPU, memory, hard disk,network capacity are shared with other sites. Make sure when selectinga shared web host provider that they have strict policies on how much aserver is loaded up by other sites. The Linux web hosting has a policyof loading restricted sites to overcome the problems of virus. Linux web hosting offers the services like 200MB+ disk space, PHP andMySQL and Perl, User friendly Control Panel, FTP, FrontPage access,multiple email accounts.

RedHat Linux is the conventional Linux web hosting thatinfluences web sites with the characters of consistent and dynamicplatform. The most affordable and reliable web site hosting packagesare Linux based. The features included with these packages aremultitasking, virtual memory, the best TCP/IP drivers, multi-usercapacity tools and so on.

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