Linux Community Magazine

MBR or the Master Boot record is the first sector in a partitioned data storage device like hard drive. MBR is usually a 512 byte boot sector containing the primary partition table of the hard disk. In Linux system, MBR also stores the machine code instructions to be executed by the operating system after the BIOS passes the pointer to the machine code. Moreover, the MBR holds the unique 32-bit disk signature, which helps in identifying the disk drive and learn its information needed for booting. With all such necessary information in it, if due to any reason the MBR gets corrupted, all the data inside your Linux hard drive becomes completely inaccessible. Under such situations of data loss or inaccessibility, any Linux data recovery utility is of immense help to bring your valuable data back.

The Linux system fails to boot after any instance of corruption or damage to MBR, as the OS failed to fetch the partition table information. In Linux OS based computer system, you can access the MBR through 'dd' command. The 'dd' command is responsible for data backup, restoration and erasing of partition table. As the command gives very high level of authority over several things, it sometimes overwrite or corrupt the MBR.

Usually, such cases of MBR corruption is common in case of dual boot systems, where you have installed other operating systems like Windows along with Linux. The reasons behind MBR corruption can be anything, including virus/malware intrusion, unexpected system shut-down etc.

In order to resolve the system you need to repair the MBR. You can use the 'fsck' utility to scan the hard drive for possible corruptions and repair them as well. The 'fsck' is an inbuilt utility in Linux to check the disk for its consistency. However, sometimes, with severe corruption, 'fsck' fails to repair the disk and simply exits without doing nothing. If you are an advanced user, you can perform Linux Data Recovery by editing the MBR through any disk editor utility or provide the address of an alternate partition table.

However, by all the above means, if you fail to resolve the problem, you need to look for a valid backup to restore the data back. Failing to the same, you are left with a single option to format the hard drive and make a fresh installation of Linux. After that, you can run any Linux MBR Recovery software to recover the formatted data back.

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Linux is an advanced operating system and over the years, it has given more ease of usage. Since its development, with every passing year, more and more users have opted for Linux. For it's useful and quality features, many industries, entrepreneurs and individual users have shown faith on this comparatively new operating system. As this is the most frequently updated operating system among its class, many users even consider Linux as absolutely flawless. However, as we all know, no application is completely free from problems and Linux also has its share as well. But, the good thing is that with Linux data recovery utilities, you have ample chance of recovering your data back after any occurrence of data loss or inaccessibility problem.

There can be a number of situations, in which you may lose your valuable data from your so called robust Linux system. Below mentioned are some of the mostly encountered ones:

* Accidental or intentional deletion of data from the Linux system. * File system corruption. * Operating system malfunction. * Virus/malware infection. * Any application contradiction resulting in the crash or corruption of the Linux OS etc.

The list can be very long and the most threatening point of all these situations is the loss or inaccessibility of your valuable data from the Linux system. But, the good thing that may sooth your nerves a little is that after any occurrence of data loss, the data from the Linux drive does not get lost permanently. If the lost data is not overwritten, you can always have a chance of recovering the data back from the troubled drive or volume.

Therefore, once, you encounter any data loss situation and if you do not have a valid backup of your data, ensure that there won't be any activity on the troubled drive. Then, without any further experimentation, run any good Linux data Recovery utility.

These Undelete Linux applications have immense potential to dig into the troubled Linux hard drive or volume and locate the lost data. These utilities are completely read-only in their operations and do not make any modification to the original data or its format.

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In a Linux operating system based computer, directories, blocks, sockets, files, and other items are referred by their corresponding file descriptors. File descriptor is one of the significant data structures of Linux operating system. It is very essential for the file descriptor to be consistent for proper working of your system. In case it is damaged, you can not access your precious data from the disk and face severe data loss situations. In such cases, you need to opt for Linux data recovery solutions.

If you encounter any error from your system related to file descriptor corruption, it can be due to corruption to the Linux file system. File system corruption is a major reason of data loss and cause serious problems for you. For a practical instance of this problem with your Linux system, you may encounter the following error message when you attempt to access data from your Linux hard drive-

Bad file descriptor

The above error may also occur while booting your system or mounting a hard drive volume. It renders your precious data inaccessible. At this point, you need to find out the root of this problem and fix it using Linux Data Recovery solutions.

Grounds of the problem-You may encounter this behavior of Linux operating system due to any of the following reasons-

Linux uses /dev/null file that removes all data, which is written to the file after reporting that write process is completed successfully. You might encounter the file description problems if the file is deleted.If this error occurs while accessing any file from the hard drive, it can be due to corrupt disk blocks or file system corruption.

ResolutionTry using the below methods to sort out this issue-To fix overwritten or deleted /dev/null file problems, you are required to replace the file with suitable iNode.Run fsck command on the affected Linux hard drive to resolve file system inconsistency and hard drive integrity issues. Before you run this command, file system must be un-mounted and system must be running in single-user mode.

Restore data from the most recent backup. It is an efficient Ext3 recovery solution to get your precious data back.If none of the above methods work, use third-party Linux recoverysoftware to perform data recovery Linux. The applications are capable of retrieving your significant data in all data loss situations.

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Open source applications and tools are a great alternative for web designers on a budget. There are plenty of open source applications that can help you tremendously as a web designer. Open source projects are great not only because of their price tag (free), but also because of the passionate community that typically forms around them.

Here is list of open source applications that can improve your task management and production processes.

Source Code and WYSIWYG Editors

Kompozer

KompoZer is a complete web authoring system that combines web file management and easy-to-use WYSIWYGweb page editing. KompoZer is designed to be extremely easy to use, making it ideal for non-technical computer users who want to create an attractive, professional-looking web site without needing to know HTML or web coding.

Amaya

Amaya is a Web editor, i.e. a tool used to create and update documents directly on the Web. Browsing features are seamlessly integrated with the editing and remote access features in a uniform environment. This follows the original vision of the Web as a space for collaboration and not just a one-way publishing medium.

Bluefish Editor

Bluefish is a powerful editor targeted towards programmers and webdesigners, with many options to write websites, scripts and programming code. Bluefish supports many programming and markup languages, and it focuses on editing dynamic and interactive websites.

Quanta Plus

Quanta Plus is a robust web development IDE. It's highly-extensible and is able to run custom scripts. It has an excellent visual CSS editor that has code hints and auto-completion of syntax.

CSSED

Cssed is a GTK2 application for creating and maintainingCSS style sheet. It is a small editor that tries to ease the CSS editing. It features autocompletion, CSS syntax validation, selector wizard for complex rules, color wizard, box wizard and other useful features to help web developers to create and maintain CSS style sheets.

jEdit

jEdit is a programmer's text editor written in Java. It uses the Swing toolkit for the GUI and can be configured as a rather powerful IDE through the use of its plugin architecture. It can run on Mac, Windows and Linux and has syntax highlighting for HTML, XML, CSS, JavaScript and many other languages.

Notepad++

Notepad++ is a free source code editor and Notepad replacement that supports several languages. Running in the MS Windows environment, its use is governed by GPL License.

Open Bexi HTML Builder

Open Bexi HTML Editor is a WYSIWYG HTML editor which allows you to create Web pages and generate HTML code from your browser without any HTML knowledge. It lets you create, update and remove HTML components. It is suitable for beginners and experts.

Aptana

Aptana is the leader in web application development, deployment and management solutions. RadRails is a complete web development environment for Ruby, HTML, CSS, JavaScript, ERB, and more.

Selida

Selida is an HTML editor, a program that you make web pages with. There are thousands of HTML editors on the web, some are free and some are shareware. Selida packs high end features in a very intuitive interface, and has the bestprice of them all: It's free!

Graphics/Image Editors

GIMP

GIMP an impressively powerful and freely-distributable Adobe Photoshop-alternative open-source application for digital image composition, authoring, retouching and processing.

Inkscape

Inkscape is a vector graphics editor application. with capabilities similar to Adobe Illustrator.

krita

Krita is a painting and image-editing software application for KOffice. Krita is a creative sketching and painting application based on KOffice technology. Whether you want to create art paintings, cartoons, concept art or textures, Krita supports most graphics tablets out of the box.Dia

Dia is a GTK+ based diagram creation and flowcharts tool for GNU/Linux, Unix and Windows.

Kivio

Kivio is an easy to use diagramming and flowcharting application with tight integration to the other KOffice applications. It enables you to create network diagrams, organisation charts, flowcharts and more.

Skencil

Skencil is a vector drawing application that's great for illustrations and diagrams. You can save your compositions in EPS format - a format recognized by most vector-editing applications.

OpenOffice DrawOpenoffice Draw is powerful graphics package. DRAW - from a quick sketch to a complex plan, DRAW gives you the tools to communicate with graphics and diagrams. With a maximum page size of 300cm by 300cm, DRAW is powerful tool for technical or general posters, etc

mtPaint

mtPaint is a painting program which Mark Tyler developed from scratch so he could easily create pixel art and manipulate digital photos.

FontForge

With the help of fontforge you create your own postscript, truetype, opentype, cid-keyed, multi-master, cff, svg and bitmap (bdf, FON, NFNT) fonts, or edit existing ones. Also lets you convert one format to another. FontForge has support for many macintosh font formats.

ImageMagick

ImageMagick can read, convert and write images in a variety of formet. From it you can create, edit, and compose bitmap images.

Audio Editors

Ardour

Ardour is a digital audio workstation. You can use it to record, edit and mix multi-track audio. You can produce your own CDs, mix video soundtracks, or just experiment with new ideas about music and sound.

Audacity

Audacity is a free, easy-to-use audio editor and recorder for Windows, Mac OS X, GNU/Linux and other operating systems.

Grip

Grip is a cd-player and cd-ripper for the Gnome desktop. It has the ripping capabilities of cdparanoia builtin, but can also use external rippers (such as cdda2wav).

Hydrogen

Hydrogen is an advanced drum machine for GNU/Linux. It's main goal is to bring professional yet simple and intuitive pattern-based drum programming.

Jokosher

Jokosher is a simple yet powerful multi-track studio. With it you can create and record music, podcasts and more, all from an integrated simple environment.

MusE

MusE is a MIDI/Audio sequencer with recording and editing capabilities written by Werner Schweer. MusE aims to be a complete multitrack virtual studio for Linux.

Rosegarden

Rosegarden is a well-rounded audio and MIDI sequencer, score editor, and general-purpose music composition and editing environment.

soundKonverter

soundKonverter is a frontend to various audio converters. The key features are Audio conversion, Replay Gain calculation, CD ripping.

Streamripper

Streamripper allows you to download an entire station of music. Many of these mp3 radio stations only play certain genres, so you can now download an entire collection of goa/trance music, an entire collection of jazz, punk rock, whatever you want.

Video Editors

AvideMUX

Avidemux is a free video editor designed for simple cutting, filtering and encoding tasks. It supports many file types, including AVI, DVD compatible MPEGfiles, MP4 and ASF, using a variety of codecs.

Cinelerra

Cinelerra does primarily 3 main things: capturing, compositing, and editing audio and video with sample level accuracy. It's a seamless integration of audio, video, and still photos rarely experienced on a web server.

CinePaint

CinePaint is used to retouch feature films and in pro photography. CinePaint opens high fidelity image file formats such as DPX, 16-bit TIFF, and OpenEXR, and conventional formats like JPEG and PNG.

Jahshaka

Jahshaka is a video and film compositing, editing and special fx system that uses OpenGL & OpenML hardware rendering to give operators real time interactivity.

Kino

Kino is a non-linear DV editor for GNU/Linux. It features excellent integration with IEEE-1394 for capture, VTR control, and recording back to the camera.

LiVES

LiVES mixes realtime video performance and non-linear editing in one application. It will let you start editing and making video right away, without having to worry about formats, frame sizes, or framerates.

RecordMyDesktop

recordMyDesktop is a program that captures audio-video data of a linux desktop session, producing an ogg-encapsulated theora-vorbis file. recordMyDesktop tries to be as unobstrusive as possible by proccessing only regions of the screen that have changed.

Slideshow Creator

With Slideshow Creator and dvd-slideshow you can transform your pictures in a beautiful dvd-quality slide show rich of fashinating effects like ken burns, pan and animated transitions.

Ingex

Ingex is a suite of software applications designed to enable low-cost flexible tapeless television production.

Kdenlive

Kdenlive is an intuitive and powerful multi-track video editor, including most recent video technologies. Our software is completely free, in all sences of the expression, as defined by the GNU foundation.

Helpful Utilities

HTML TIDY

HTML TIDY is a free, open source utility for fixing and optimizing HTML syntax.

Cyberduck

Cyberduck is an excellent open source FTP client for the Mac OS. It features an easy to use interface with quickly accessible bookmarks. Its built-in support for Mosso Cloud files and its built-in Amazon S3 browser makes it a top-notch app for web designers and web application developers.

FillZillaFileZilla is a fast FTP and SFTP client. It is cross-platform compatible (available for Linux, Mac, and Windows operating systems) and has the ability to transfer files through numerous protocols.

winSCP

WinSCP is a Windows-only (S)FTP client for local to remote file transfers. It has a simple file manager to help you navigate and organize your files.

CamStudio

CamStudio is able to record all screen and audio activity on your computer and create industry-standard AVI video files and using its built-in SWF Producer can turn those AVIs into lean, mean, bandwidth-friendly Streaming Flash videos (SWFs) .

Greenshort

GreenShot is a screenshot capture program that lets you make on-the-fly text and image edits immediately after you grab the image.

ZScreen

ZScreen is an open-source screen capture program for Microsoft Windows. It can upload screenshots, pictures, text & files and put the URL in your clipboard in a single keystroke.

Xournal

Xournal is an application for notetaking, sketching, keeping a journal using a stylus. It is free software (GNU GPL) and runs on Linux (recent distributions) and other GTK+/Gnome platforms.

Firebug

Firebug is an extremely useful and versatile web page debugging tool. You can use it to learn and explore your HTML and CSS markup.

GalleryGalleryyou can take greater command of your image repository. Gallery is a web-based image gallery that you can use to store, organize, and access image assets online.

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