Linux Community Magazine

The Operating system is the most essential part of a computer system. Operating system vendors periodically release updates to increase their performance and add new functions. In Ubuntu Linux you can use apt-get for complete up-gradation. Apt-get is a powerful command line utility, which is used to communicate with Advanced Packaging Tool (APT) of Ubuntu. It performs installation of new applications packages, update package list index, and upgrade existing software packages. It can even upgrade the core Ubuntu operating system files. Apt-get upgrade checks all software packages in system and then checks those software packages that could be upgraded without uninstalling or affecting anything in the operating system. Then it installs the upgrades. Ultimately you have a fully upgraded Linux system and the software packages that could not upgrade automatically. Being a straightforward command line utility, apt-get has a number of benefits over other application package manag ement toos available for Ubuntu server administrators. Some of the key benefits of this upgrade include: Ease of use as compared to the Simple Terminal Connections (SSH) Compatible with system administration scripts Automated upgrade using the cron (short for chronograph) scheduling toolAlthough, apt-get is an extremely useful tool for Ubuntu up-gradation, but sometimes it may lead to problems. After apt-get upgrade, you may get potential fsck errors on the Linux workstation during startup. The boot process may get halted. Also there is a possibility that you see the system dump in shell with the error:/dev/hda3: Super block last mount time is in the future /dev/hda3: UNEXPECTED INCONSISTENCY; RUN fsck MANUALLYThis behavior of Linux could be the possible result of damage to the file system or errors in the MBR. Due to the same, Linux does not get complete boot information and shows the above error message. Nevertheless the cause of this problem, the ltimate result of this pr oblem would be the loss of your valuable business data. To overcome this problem, you need to perform data recovery in Linux. The data recovery in Linux is best possible with the help of Linux data recovery software. The software is capable of systematically scanning your hard drive, extracting your data leading to absolute Linux recovery. To ensure safe, easy and complete Linux data recovery, a good Linux recovery software is the must have. Stellar Phoenix Linux Data Recovery is the most comprehensive and the best ever Linux recovery software. With powerful scanning algorithms, this robust Linux recovery software performs a thorough scan of affected hard drive and extracts all of your inaccessible, missing or lost data. Phoenix Linux Recovery is applicable to all flavors of Linux operating system including Ubuntu.

Most people pick up the phone an call for help the moment their Windows system crashes or doesn't perform as expected. Typically that mean an expensive and time-consuming call to Microsoft support or to a local tech support person. In the Linux world, help is readily available, and often free.

Now, there are paid support options as well. Some large companies have Linux experts on call in case there are problems. But another option, especially for desktop users, is to access the Linux community of experts via online forums. If you are using Ubuntu and have an issue, nine times out of ten someone else has had the exact same problem, have already solved it, and posted a solution online. The forums for Ubuntu users are an excellent resource for those new to Ubuntu who have a problem.

For a time Linux users got a bad rap for being rude to new users who didn't know anything about computers. On the Ubuntu forums this isn't the case at all. The discourse is usually quite courteous. Make sure to do a search for your particular issue before posting. Again, you probably aren't the first to have had this particular problem (which should be a comforting thought) and there may already be a conversation, or thread, going discussing what to do and how to recover. If you cannot find a current conversation about your issue, then you may start a new thread, but try to be as specific as possible. If the title of your message is "Help me!!!!", you may not get a response, but if the title is "no sound in Skype, 10.4, Fujitsu NF40T laptop, you may be surprised how helpful the Linux community can be.

Paid support options for desktop and server installs for Ubuntu can be found at shop.canonical.com. The desktop support option starts at just over $100 for one year of professional support.

If you want to go the free support route, then you can't go wrong with the ubuntu forums here:

Presented are views that the community behind Linux (not all) has similar practices as Soviet communists and a clear example to support this opinion is given to the reader, as the author of this article has experience from the communist Czechoslovakia. Some advantages of the BSD license are highlighted too.

Communism is the ideology that seeks to establish a classless, stateless social organization; however, its practice got far from the original ideas. This may also happen to Linux and its GPL.

Linux is the kernel on top of which are many (userland) utilities (and software) - this "beer and the barrel" makes a Linux distribution. There are two basic movements in the Linux world - communists and social democrats. Social democrats are not very harmful and they are often agreeable.

The communism type Linux is the "free-software" (and cult-like) movement of Mr. Stallman, which included even such distributions as Slackware, Debian, OpenBSD, FreeBSD (/distros/common-distros.html) into the list of "non-free" distributions. They monopolized the interpretation of what the GPL license and freedom are and they practice "groupthink", which is a term coined by a social psychologist Janis. However, you do not have to adopt the full psychologists' interpretation of what groupthink is, as this would give a podium for another form of groupthink.

I will explain it in my own words - you may either think convergently (as groups always want you), or divergently (you may be in harmony with the general opinion of groups, but not in total harmony). If you think divergently, groups tend to consider you an enemy, or not an enemy - they just ignore you. Unfortunately, all these psychological theories are actually nonsensical, as groupthink cannot understand groupthink. If you can liberate your mind from all these theories, you will understand why the crash of the US Space Shuttle Challenger happened and why the story about it is included in a number of sources that deal with groupthink.

In the communist regime, which had lasted from 1948 to 1989 in Czechoslovakia, there was a Socialist Property Ownership Act - it prohibited anyone from taking the shared (GPL'd) property of socialist ownership under sever punishment. Here readers will understand the following:1) You can take a code of the BSD licensed software and make it your own. 2) You cannot appropriate the GPL licensed software (if so, you are punished).

Here you see two different conceptions of what freedom is. The GPL license is the same thing as the communist Socialist Property Ownership Act, because you get equally punished in both cases (braking the GPL or the communist law).

The BSD license is in compliance with the philosophy of FSF - you can run, copy, distribute, study, change, and improve the software (see my above note about groupthink - philosophy of BSD is in harmony with FSF, but not in total harmony). However, BSD distributions are not in the list of "free software" that Mr. Stallman recommends, so here you must clearly understand that it is not "freedom", but the "monopoly of freedom" that matters here. The practice of communists was often aimed at depriving disobedient people of their jobs and this is what cult-centered communities do everywhere, not only in the Linux world. Cult-centered people always live in the glasshouse of groupthink.

I wrote (and sold) a number of Linux articles (I also wrote an Xmodmap howto -(/HOWTOs/mini/Intkeyb-1.html), but as I also write articles about FreeBSD, I realize that the community of readers is often unfriendly (because of groupthink), which reminds me of the past communist days. I remember my brother when he was arrested for being honest - he only said that communist had failed in making a few things better. Two years in communist prison is something Mr. Stallman has never experienced. My brother also knew some inmates that had shared the same cell with Mr. Havel, the first president of the post-communist Czechoslovakia.

I would be happy if readers understood that communism, like fascism, was a very bad thing and that they should not support groups that want to put a noose on their necks. This is not aimed at Linux, but at the communism of it. I appreciate Debian. I almost love it. Slackware too. However, both above distributions are on the list of "non-free" software and this why I will never use distributions that FSF considers free. They will never be free for me.

The FreeBSDnews.net informs that the FreeBSD Foundation has kicked off its annual end-of-year fund-raise drive - please support freedom and not communism! Donate! /donate/

History Xgl was originally developed on public mailing lists, but for a long time, until January 2, 2006 most development of Xgl was done behind closed doors. On that day the source to Xgl was re-opened to the public , and included in freedesktop.org, along with major restructuring to allow a wider range of supported display drivers. X server backends used by Xgl include Xglx and Xegl. In February 2006 the server gained wide publicity after a public display where the Novell desktop team demonstrated a desktop using Xgl with several visual effects such as translucent windows and a rotating 3D desktop. The effects had first been implemented in a composite manager called glxcompmgr (not to be confused with xcompmgr), now deprecated because several effects could not be adequately implemented without tighter interaction between the window manager and the composite manager. As a solution David Reveman developed Compiz, the first proper OpenGL compositing window manager for the X Window System. Later, in September 2006, the Beryl compositing window manager was released as a fork of the original Compiz. Compiz and Beryl have merged back in April 2007, which resulted in the development of Compiz Fusion. Backends OpenGL does not specify how to initialize a display and manipulate drawing contexts. Instead these operations are handled by an API specific to the native windowing system. So far there are two different backend approaches to solving this initialization problem. Most likely the majority of each backend will contain the same code and the differences will primarily be in the initialization portions of the servers. Xglx Xglx was the first backend implemented for this architecture. It requires an already existing X server to run on top of and uses GLX to create an OpenGL window which Xgl then uses, similar to Xnest. This mode is only intended to be used for development in the future, as it is redundant to require an X server to run Xgl on top of. At XDevConf 2006 (the 2006 X development conference), NVIDIA made a presentation arguing that this is the wrong direction to take because the layered server abstracts features of the cards away. This makes driver specific capabilities like support for 3D glasses and dual monitor support much more difficult. However, delegating initialization to an existing X server allows the developers to immediately focus on server functionality rather than dedicating substantial time to specifics of interfacing with numerous video hardware. At the moment, Xglx does not officially support multiple monitors, although it has been achieved on Ubuntu Dapper / ATI / NVIDIA (twinview). Xegl Xegl was said[who?] to be the future of Xgl and a long term goal of X server development. It shares much of the drawing code with the Xglx server, but the initialization of the OpenGL drawable and context management is handled by the EGL API developed by Khronos (EGL is a window system-independent equivalent to the GLX and WGL APIs, which respectively enable OpenGL support in X and Microsoft Windows). The current implementation uses Mesa-solo to provide OpenGL rendering directly to the Linux framebuffer or DRI to the graphics hardware. As of July 2007[update] Xegl can only be run using Radeon R200 graphics hardware and development is currently stalled. It is likely that it will remain so until the Xglx server has proven itself and the closed source drivers add support for the EGL API, when it should be a transparent replacement for the nested Xglx server. Rationale Structuring all rendering on top of OpenGL could potentially simplify video driver development. It removes the artificial separation of 2D and 3D acceleration. This is advantageous as 2D operations are frequently unaccelerated (which is counterintuitive, since 2D is a subset of 3D). It also removes all driver-dependent code from the X server itself, and allows for accelerated Composite and Render operations independen t of the graphics driver. Competitors Hardware acceleration of 2D drawing operations has been a common feature of many window systems (including X11) for many years. The novelty of Xgl and similar systems is the use of APIs specifically developed for 3D rendering for accelerating 2D desktop operations. Prior to the adoption of anti-aliased drawing by X11, the use of 3D rendering APIs for 2D desktop rendering was undesirable because such APIs did not make the pixel accurate rendering guarantees that are part of the original X11 protocol definition. Hardware-accelerated OpenGL window and desktop rendering, limited to using OpenGL for texture composition, has been in use in Mac OS X, in a technology called Quartz Extreme, since Mac OS X v10.2. Quartz 2D Extreme is an enhancement of this feature and more directly comparable to Xgl. Like Xgl, Quartz 2D Extreme brings OpenGL acceleration to all 2D drawing operations (not just desktop compositing) and ships with Mac OS X v10.4, but is disabled by default pending a formal declaration of production-readiness. Core Animation is the extension of this effort for Leopard (Mac OS X v10.5). Several desktop interfaces based on 3D APIs have been developed, more recently OpenCroquet and Sun Microsystems' Project Looking Glass ; these take advantage of 3D acceleration for software built within their own framework, but do not appear to accelerate existing 2D desktop applications rendered within their environment (often via mechanisms like VNC). Microsoft developed a similar technology based on DirectX, named the DWM, as part of its Windows Vista operating system. This technology was first shown publicly at Microsoft's October 2003 PDC. Availability As of May 2006[update], the Xgl X Server (and related components including the Compiz compositing manager and associated graphical config tools) ships as a non-default in one major Linux distribution, SUSE 10.1, and is included in Frugalware Linux or SUSE Linux Enterpri se Desktop 10. Xgl can be set up fairly easily for Ubuntu 6.06 LTS (Dapper Drake) and 6.10 (Edgy Eft) and for Freespire with binary packages from unofficial repositories. Xgl is also available as an overlayed package in Gentoo Linux, and as a PKGBUILD for Arch Linux. The latest Mandriva Linux 2007 includes official packages to run Compiz, using Xgl and AIGLX. Mandriva provides drak3d, a tool to configure a 3D Desktop in two clicks. Ubuntu 6.10 "Edgy Eft" and later use AIGLX, not Xgl, by default. If AIGLX or NVIDIA's implementation of accelerated indirect rendering can be used, there is no need to use Xgl. Xgl is not needed for any Intel graphics chipset from 810 onwards, NVIDIA GeForce 3 to GeForce 7 (through the official 9629 driver), and ATI cards with AIGLX support (through either the free radeon or the non-free fglrx drivers). References ^ XGL Version Info ^ ALGIX, Nvidia, XGL and metacity ^ Latest XGL Code ^ Novell's XGL Code posted ^ Novell Public Release XGL Code ^ SU SE XGL ^ OpenSUSE XGL resources ^ /developer/presentations/2006/xdevconf/compositing-with-current-framework.pdf ^ /graphics.html ^ /?p=xorg/xserver.git;a=history;h=master;hb=master;f=hw/xgl/egl/xegl.c See also X Window System AIGLX VirtualGL OpenGL Compiz Beryl External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Compiz Xgl Xegl Announcement of Xgl on the xorg mailing list Accelerated X flame wars!aybe not an article about the differences between AIGLX and Xgl EGL specifications Article: The State of Linux Graphics overview of various approaches to replace the current X server HOWTO, forums, support openSUSE wiki for Xgl Xgl HowTos: Novell, Ubuntu, Debian Etch, Gentoo Linux How-to install XGL on Fedora 5/6/7 Xgl Beryl and Compiz on Fedora Screenshots, screencast, demo video Novell Xgl announcement including video and screenshots Novell Open Audio podcast Xgl with David Reveman 7 April 2006, discusses the basics and future of Xgl and Compiz Videos of Xgl on SUSE Linux Enter prise Desktop 10 Slides, screenshots and a video with more effects the video demonstrating Compiz on Xgl Another Xgl Video Mandriva 3D Video v d e X Window System Architecture Core Protocol Xlib X Window selection X window manager X session manager X display manager X Toolkit X Window authorization Intrinsics X11 color names Window managers Re-parenting Compositing Stacking Tiling Extensions X Image Extension X keyboard extension X video extension Shape extension Shared memory extension AIGLX GLX XRender MPX DPS Notable Implementations Cygwin/X KDrive X11.app X.Org Server X-Win32 X386 XFree86 XGGI XDarwin Xming Xsun Xgl Standards ICCCM EWMH XDS freedesktop.org Applications xcalc xclock xedit xload xterm xeyes Desktop environments Categories: Freedesktop.org | X Window extensions | OpenGLHidden categories: All articles with specifically-marked weasel-worded phrases | Articles with specifically-marked weasel-worded phrases from May 2009 | Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007 | All articles containing potentially dated statements | Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2006

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